Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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Use of Pongamia glabra (karanj) and Azadirachta indica (neem) seed cakes for feeding livestock 389extent also solvent-extracted, karanj cake had deleteriouseffects on nutrient utilization, blood biochemical profile,rumen fermentation pattern and carcass characteristics,with clinico-pathological changes in bones and vital organtissues. Water-washing and de-oiling of kananj cake maybe the most feasible detoxification methods. Water-washedkaranj cake may be incorporated at up to 22.5 percent inconcentrate mixtures by replacing 50 percent of the nitrogenmoiety of a conventional protein supplement like SBM,without any adverse effect on nutrient metabolism, growthand health of lambs.Karanj cake as poultry feedDetoxificationAs discussed above, various techniques have been used fordetoxification of karanj cake for the feeding of ruminants.Some of these techniques could also be applicable in thecase of poultry, but the levels of incorporation in the dietwill have to be standardized for each of the animal categories.In addition to the detoxification studies of Natanam,Kadirvel and Ravi (1989), Prabhu et al. (2002) and Panda etal. (2006) tried 36 possible detoxification methods for karanjcake. Based on reduction in karanjin, tannin and trypsininhibitor activities, two methods of detoxification of SKC(1.5 percent NaOH or 3 percent Ca(OH) 2 , w/w) and onefor EKC (2 percent NaOH, w/w) have been recommended.PalatabilityKaranj cake as such is unpalatable to poultry as a sole feed.Substitution of 25 percent black til cake (black-seededSesamum indicum, commonly used as a protein source)with raw EKC in chick starter ration drastically reducedthe feed intake with 50 percent mortality at 4 weeks old.However, incorporation of SKC to replace 25 percentblack til cake on an isonitrogenous basis did not affectthe quantity of feed consumed, with no mortality, and thefeed conversion ratio (FCR) was found to be equivalent tothe control group (Mandal and Banerjee, 1974). Inclusionof 5 percent raw karanj kernels in diets of male Whiteleghorn chicks chicks up to 4 weeks of age reduced feedconsumption by about 50 percent (Natanam, Kadirvel andRavi, 1989), while the inclusion of either EKC or SKC atthe 10 percent level did not result in any significant variationfrom control diet with respect to feed intake by WhiteLeghorn pullets (Natanam, Kadirvel and Vishwanathan,1989). In another study involving quail chicks, substitutionof 20 percent red til cake (red-seeded Sesamum indicum)with de-oiled karanj cake up to 4.45 percent of the rationhad no adverse effect on feed intake (Dhara et al., 1997),but increasing the level of DKC beyond this resulted inpoor growth and reduced feed consumption. The resultsobtained from different laboratories working on karanjcake co-products indicate that EKC or SKC had no adverseeffect, while the raw products affected intake and nutrientutilization adversely, confirming that the anti-nutritionalfactors in karanj are either fats or fat-soluble.Growth and feed efficiencyTwenty-five per cent substitution of til cake with SKC on anequi-protein basis did not result in any significant differencewith respect to average daily gain (212 g vs 206 g) in broilerchicks up to 4 weeks old (Mandal and Banerjee, 1974).Mandal and Banerjee (1982a) also reported that de-oiledkaranj cake could replace black til cake up to 30 percentin the diet of pullets from 9–18 weeks of age withoutaffecting growth rate and feed conversion efficiency. Theinclusion of either EKC or SKC at 10 percent level in thediets of White Leghorn pullets did not show any significantvariation with respect to body weight gain and feedintake compared with those fed a control diet. However,birds fed on EKC had maturity delayed by 14–17 days(Natanam, Kadirvel and Vishwanathan, 1989). In contrast,Natnam and Kadrivel (1990) reported significantly reducedbody weight gain with incorporation of EKC in the diet ofWhite Leghorn pullets at a 10 percent level (18–22 weeks)compared with the control. The broiler chicks on dietsincorporating 1 percent karanj oil and 10 percent expellerpressedkaranj cake had a growth depression of 51 percent,while those fed 2 percent oil and 20 percent cake showed82 percent depression, compared with those receiving thebasal diet. At the same time, chicks fed on a diet containing40 percent cake (EE = 14.4 percent) suffered 100 percentmortality (Natanam, Kadirvel and Ravi, 1989). Theincrease in mortality as the cake level increased from 10 to40 percent could be due to the corresponding increase inkaranj oil content going from 1.4 to 5.6 percent in differentgroups. Such an adverse effect could be attributed to thepresence of toxic factors such as karanjin and pongamol inthe oil or oil fraction of the cake. Inclusion of raw karanjkernels at 5 percent level in the diets of broiler chicks to 4weeks of age depressed growth rate by 50 percent, andprocessing of kernels (autoclaving/water washing) did notimprove their performance (Natanam, Kadirvel and Ravi,1989; Natanam, Kadirvel and Chandrasekaran, 1989a).Similarly, inclusion of de-oiled karanj meal at a 5 percentlevel in the diet of male chicks up to six weeks of age didnot support good growth (Chaudhury et al., 1991). In anexperiment with unsexed Japanese quail from 14 to 42 daysold, Dhara et al. (1997) reported that de-oiled karanj cakecould safely be included in the diet to a maximum levelof 4.45 percent of feed replacing 20 percent red til cakeprotein without affecting growth, but a further increase (7to 22.5 percent) adversely affected their daily gain. Dietaryincorporation of alkali-treated SKC at 6.43 percent didnot have any adverse effect on body weight gain or feedconversion efficiency during 0–4 weeks old. However, there
390Biofuel co-products as livestock feed – Opportunities and challengeswas growth retardation subsequently and the body weightgain during 0–6 weeks old age was significantly (P
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BIOFUEL CO-PRODUCTS AS LIVESTOCK FE
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Recommended citationFAO. 2012. Biof
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vco-products to swine - Feeding cru
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viiCHAPTER 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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ixPrefaceHumans are faced with majo
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xiiCBMCBSCCDSCCKCDOCDSCFCFBCFRCGECI
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xivHCHOHClHCNHisH-JPKMHMCHPDDGHPDDG
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xviPPbPCVPDPEMPFADPhePJPKCPKEPKMPKO
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xviiiWBPWCGFWDGWDGSWDGSHWPCWTWWWNSK
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2Biofuel co-products as livestock f
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10Biofuel co-products as livestock
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35Chapter 3Impact of United States
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Impact of United States biofuels co
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101Chapter 6Hydrogen sulphide: synt
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Hydrogen sulphide in cattle fed co-
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155Chapter 8Utilization of crude gl
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Utilization of crude glycerin in be
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209Chapter 11Co-products from biofu
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Co-products from biofuel production
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275Chapter 15Sustainable and compet
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Sustainable and competitive use of
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291Chapter 16Scope for utilizing su
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Scope for utilizing sugar cane baga
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303Chapter 17Camelina sativa in pou
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Camelina sativa in poultry diets: o
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311Chapter 18Utilization of lipid c
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Utilization of lipid co-products of
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467Chapter 26An assessment of the p
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An assessment of the potential dema
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483Chapter 27Biofuels: their co-pro
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Biofuels: their co-products and wat
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501Chapter 28Utilization of co-prod
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Utilization of co-products of the b
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523Contributing authorsSouheila Abb
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Contributing authors 525for the Fee
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Contributing authors 527Friederike
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Contributing authors 529Sustainable
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Contributing authors 531During the
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Contributing authors 533(Hons.) and
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Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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