Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

Utilization of co-products of the biofuel industry as livestock feeds – a synthesis 519TABLE 5A summary of researchable topics to complement current knowledge relating to co-products from feedstocks other thancerealsSugar canebagasseCastor cake aslivestock feedOil palmby-productsRapeseed cakeGlycerine(livestock)Glycerine(aquaculture)Lipid co-productsand toxicity ofunconventionalseed mealDevelopment ofmicro-algaeEconomic analysis and feasibility studies to incorporate bagasse into appropriate livestock feedingsystemsDetoxification (removal of ricin) before feeding of castor cakePromotion of castor cake as valuable protein source through linking of laboratory and field trials andcollaboration with the feed supply industryUse of specialty fats, produced from oil palm, as feed for dairy cattle, poultry, swine and aquacultureCommercial applications, local use and export opportunities for oil palm by-productsUse of co-products from oil palm and other locally occurring crops to develop a livestock industry basedon currently non-domesticated livestock species (e.g. collared peccary)Feeding rapeseed cake to pigs and poultry to best advantage; levels of inclusion, influence of theprocessing conditions on variation in nutritive value and the reduction of glucosinolatesRemoval of methanol from glycerine which is injurious to livestock healthUnderstanding of the mode of action and optimum inclusion levels of glycerine as a dietary energysource, and the role of glycerine feeding in the control of pathogens (e.g. E. coli).Effects of residual glycerine in distillers grain on fibre digestionRecommendations for levels for feeding crude glycerine to fishVariability of product needs reducingAssessment of potential problems from the presence of residual methanolAssessment of long-term effects on fish health and the quality of the meat producedProcessing, handling and storage of glycerine to be used in fish dietsExamination of biodiesel lipid co-products for the presence of compounds toxic to animals and humansDevelopment of methods for selective removal of primary toxins from Pongamia glabra and Azadirachtaindica, both potential sources of feed protein, leading to an industrial process for detoxificationAdequate testing of the efficiency of the detoxification process selected on the feeds, and also of theanimal product resulting from their use before promotion on-farmDevelopment of a detoxification processes for non-edible oil seed meals, including improvement ofprocedures that currently exist, and up-scaling where appropriate (these studies need relating to socioeconomicanalysis)Development of protein isolates and peptides to assist in eliminating toxins and other antinutritionalfactorsSelection of the best organisms, together with sustainable culture methodologies, including use ofmarginal land, coastal areas, sea surfaces, etc., to minimize conflict with land-based resourcesAssessment of co-products from micro-algae, both for their feeding value and commercial application(potential use in diets for livestock, poultry and aquaculture)162013, 1411,8, 1121, 2318, 19,2224Camelina mealfor poultryNutritional value assessment of camelina meal for poultry of all age groups whether for meat or eggproductionAssessment of the need for additional enzymesThe impact of camelina meal on meat qualityInvestigation of techniques for enhancing the nutritional value of camelina mealNotes: Numbers in column 3 denote chapter numbers in this book. For a list, see Appendix 1.17TABLE 6A summary of researchable topics to complement current knowledge and having relevance to the use of co-products asfeed for livestock, poultry and fishEffluent handlingDecentralized systemssuitable for groups ofsmall-scale farmers inIndiaAssessment of improvedproduction methods,improved co-productsand co-productsresulting from newand unconventionalfeedstocksDevelopment of methods to reduce effluents from processing plants and that are suitable for bothlarge and small-scale operationsConversion of vinasse into biogas (to be used as a source of energy and fertilizer)Identification and validation of flocculants and agglomerantsIdentification of crops to extend the period of use of processing plants (currently one crop per year isprocessed)Identification of multi-purpose crops to meet household and livestock requirementsJuice extraction and syrup conversion needs to be more efficientImprovement of quality of syrup producedExtension and training at all levelsTesting of new and unconventional feedstocks, developed from improved productionTesting of new co-products leading to changing end usesLife cycle analysis of the use of these products required coupled with traditional nutritional appraisalUnderstanding of interactions between cropping, grazing and bio-energy productionNutritional assessment of co-products should be linked to studies on animal health and feed safety inlivestock and poultryEffects of feeding new or enhanced co-products on milk quality15123, 5, 7,25, 27MarketingEvaluation of: nutrient management costs; indicators for import and export criteria; differencesbetween feedstocks; full economic appraisal encompassing field costs; and the net value of biofuel andco-productUnderstanding of associative relationships between traditional feeds and co-products is not understoodand needs clarifying, supported by up to date information on productionNotes: Numbers in the body of the table denote chapter numbers in this book. For a list, see Appendix 1.1, 7, 26