Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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Utilization of oil palm co-products as feeds for livestock in Malaysia 249TABLE 11Effects of oil palm frond (OPF)-based pellets on milk yieldand milk compositionRationMilk yield(L/28days)Milk fat(%)Milkprotein(%)Weightchange(kg)30% OPF pellets 366 3.5 3.5 22.530% OPF pellets + LG 375 3.5 3.5 16.5Notes: LG = Unchopped guinea grass hay given at 100 g/cow/day as longfibre supplement. Four Sahiwal-Friesian cows per group, assigned to atreatment sequence in a 4×4 Latin square design involving four 28-daymeasurement periods following a 2-week adjustment period. Dailyration fed to each cow was limited to 14 kg/day. Source: Abu Bakar etal., 2001.In a separate study, Sahiwal-Friesian heifers fed molassestreatedOPF were observed to consume 30 percent more(P
250Biofuel co-products as livestock feed – Opportunities and challengesFIGURE 1Flow chart of the mechanical extraction of palm kernel oilPALM KERNELCleaningSize Reduction/Grinding"B" "C" "A"FlakingSteam ConditioningScrew PressingCoarse Screen FilterExpeller Cake (PKC)Filter PressStoragePalm Kernel OilStorage(A) Direct screw pressing without kernel pre-treatment(B) Partial kernel pre-treatment followed by screw pressing(C) Complete pre-treatment followed by screw pressingSources: MPOB, 1992; Tang, 200010.0 and 10.5 MJ/kg. The CP content is considered tobe more than sufficient to meet the requirement of mostruminants. PKC has a good amino acid profile (Table 13),with availability between 62 and 87 percent (Yeong,Mukherjee and Hutagalung, 1981). Limiting amino acidsare lysine, methionine and tryptophan. The protein qualityof the MPOB-Q-PKC, recently introduced by the MPOBis superior to the existing PKC (Atil, 2009). This productis obtained after pre-processing the palm nuts to removecompletely the shell and the fibrous testa of the kernels.However, this product is still under development. PKC alsocontains high residual fat (about 10 percent), carotene andvitamin E (about 0.3 IU/kg), which can act as a naturalantioxidant. Table 14 shows the fatty acid content in PKC.Its low content of unsaturated fatty acids also reducesrancidity problems.PKC is high in minerals, with P and Ca contents of 0.48to 0.71 percent and 0.21 to 0.34 percent, respectively(Table 15). The Ca:P ratio is very low (about 0.36:1) andTABLE 12Chemical composition and nutritive value of palmkernel cakeParameterDry matter (DM as %) 88.0–94.5Chemical composition (% in DM)Crude Protein (CP) 14.5–19.6Crude Fibre (CF) 13.0–20.0Ether extract (EE) 2.0–8.0Ash 2.0–10.0Nitrogen-free Extract (NFE) 46.7–75.8Neutral-detergent Fibre (NDF) 66.8–78.9Oil content (%) + 4.5–17.3Shell and dirt 3.6–21.4Metabolizable energy (MJ ME/kg)Ruminants 10.5–11.5Poultry 6.5–7.5Swine 10.0–10.5Notes: Oil content values adapted from from Siew, 1989.
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BIOFUEL CO-PRODUCTS AS LIVESTOCK FE
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Recommended citationFAO. 2012. Biof
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vco-products to swine - Feeding cru
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viiCHAPTER 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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ixPrefaceHumans are faced with majo
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xiiCBMCBSCCDSCCKCDOCDSCFCFBCFRCGECI
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xivHCHOHClHCNHisH-JPKMHMCHPDDGHPDDG
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xviPPbPCVPDPEMPFADPhePJPKCPKEPKMPKO
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xviiiWBPWCGFWDGWDGSWDGSHWPCWTWWWNSK
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2Biofuel co-products as livestock f
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10Biofuel co-products as livestock
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35Chapter 3Impact of United States
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Impact of United States biofuels co
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101Chapter 6Hydrogen sulphide: synt
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Hydrogen sulphide in cattle fed co-
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155Chapter 8Utilization of crude gl
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Utilization of crude glycerin in be
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Page 246: Co-products from biofuel production
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Scope for utilizing sugar cane baga
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Scope for utilizing sugar cane baga
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303Chapter 17Camelina sativa in pou
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Camelina sativa in poultry diets: o
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311Chapter 18Utilization of lipid c
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Utilization of lipid co-products of
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351Chapter 21Use of detoxified jatr
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Use of detoxified jatropha kernel m
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379Chapter 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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Use of Pongamia glabra (karanj) and
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403Chapter 23Co-products of the Uni
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Co-products of the United States bi
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467Chapter 26An assessment of the p
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An assessment of the potential dema
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483Chapter 27Biofuels: their co-pro
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Biofuels: their co-products and wat
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501Chapter 28Utilization of co-prod
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Utilization of co-products of the b
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523Contributing authorsSouheila Abb
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Contributing authors 525for the Fee
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Contributing authors 527Friederike
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Contributing authors 529Sustainable
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Contributing authors 531During the
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Contributing authors 533(Hons.) and
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