Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

Status of biofuels in India and scope of utilizing castor (Ricinus communis) cake – a biofuel co-product – as livestock feed 345TABLE 7Effect of different processing methods of castor cake on production responses in livestockFeeding detailsProcessing methodSpecies Level DurationAnimal response ReferenceNon ruminantsTwo-stage cooking:Cooking at 100 °C for 50 minutesRoasting of seeds at 140 °C for20 minutesFermented cake. Water soaked(1:4 ratio) and fermented for 5days in airtight conditionsBoiled castor bean mealsupplemented with β-xylanaseRoasting of seeds at 140 °C for20 minutesHot water extraction 4 times 10minutes each (1:5 times water)Broiler finisherbirds0, 10, 15 and 20%of the dietBroiler birds 0, 10, 15, 20 and25% of the dietBroiler chicks 0, 5, 10 and 15% ofthe dietBroiler birds 0, 10, 15, 20 and25% of the dietBoiled castor meal Growing rabbits 0, 10, 15, 20 and25% of the diet4 weeks Birds fed 10% cake had similar feed intake and weight gain as control,At higher levels there was depression in feed intake and weight gain,6 weeks Inclusion of cake reduced the feed intake and weight gains at all levels.Watery faeces, salivation, drooping of the wings, poor feathering, emaciation and deathwere observed at 20 and 25% levels.Severe congestion of the internal organs and haemorrhages, degeneration of the renalepithelial cells, hepatocytes, bile duct proliferation and lymphocytic depletion in thelymphoid organs were observed at all levels of inclusion, although at 10% level there wasno mortality.56 days No deleterious effect on growth response, nutrient digestibility, blood cell counts, serumenzymes and carcass yield in 5% fed groups.49 days Weight gains up to 15% level were comparable to control. At higher levels weight gainreduced and there were changes in haematological values and serum constituents.Ani and Okorie,2009.Okoye et al., 1987.Oso et al., 2011.Babalola, Apata andAtteh, 2006.Ducks Reduced feed intake and weight gain in ducks when fed at 10% of the diet Okoye et al., 1987.Chicks 40% of the diet 21 days Hot-water-extracted cake was satisfactory, while supplementing with lysine and tryptophangave comparable results to soybean protein in terms of growth and feed conversion ratio.14 days Daily gain and feed conversion ratio was comparable up to 15% inclusion level.Animals in 10 and 15% groups had 33% mortality, while 20 and 25% groups had 100%mortalityVilhjálmsdóttir andFisher, 1971.Adedeji et al., 2006.RuminantsCaO treatment at 6% of cake(soaking cake in CaO solutionfollowed by drying)Crossbred cattle 0, 33, 66 and 100%replacement ofsoybean mealRicin detoxified meal Dairy cows 10 and 20% meal0.5% castor oil(i) Expeller cake,(ii) Solvent extracted cake(i) and (ii) treated with 4%limeAlkali treatment (4% limetreatment – technical grade)followed by extrusion(i) Solvent extracted(ii) Lime treatment (feed gradelime @ 4% of cake, soakedovernight and dried)Sheep 0 and 15% ofthe dietGrowing sheep 28% of concentratemixture (13% of diet)Milking buffaloes 10% of theconcentrate mixtureAdult sheep 0 and 12.3% of thetotal mixed diet14 days Did not affect the digestive and physiological variables at different levels and treated cakecan partially or totally replace soybean meal.The feed cost for unit carcass gain at 66% level was found to be comparable.Even the untreated castor cake gave satisfactory results with regard to digestive andphysiological variables.14monthsTransfers of ricinine, ricin, hydroxy fatty acids and antigens were at or below detectionlimits.Milk from cows on long-term castor meal and castor oil intake was not apparentlydetrimental when fed to calves and rats.No residue accumulation in muscle was observed, and no abnormal conditions wereassociated with feeding castor meal to the cows.21 days There were no changes in blood enzyme profile with treated and untreated cakes. Limetreatment improved the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis.7 months Feed intake and weight gain were not affected.Animals were healthy throughout the experiment and there were no pathological changesin visceral organs.75 days Feed intake, nutrient utilization, milk yield and composition were comparable to controlgroup, and the castor-fed group gave greater profit.150 days Feeding solvent extracted or lime treated cake had no effect on body weight changes,nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation pattern and histopathology of visceral organscompared with control group fed soybean meal.Diniz et al., 2010.Robb et al., 1974.de Oliveira et al.,2010a.NATP, 2004.Gowda et al., 2009.