Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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Co-products from biofuel production for farm animals – an EU perspective 215TABLE 8Average liveweight gain (g/day) of piglets (18–65 animalsper treatment; initial age: 28–48 days; final age: 70 days)fed with various amounts of wheat-based dried distillersgrain with solubles (DDGS)TrialDDGS (g/kg of diet)0 30 50 80 1001 480 a 440 bd 448 bc 417 d –2 518 – – – 5053 445 a – 408 ab – 346 c4 364 – 353 – 361Notes: a,b,c,d = different suffixes indicate significant differences(P
216Biofuel co-products as livestock feed – Opportunities and challenges200 g/kg maize-based DDGS. Enzyme supplementation didnot increase nutrient digestibilities and energy concentration,but enzyme-supplementation of diets with 100 and200 g/kg DDGS increased apparent ME concentration by0.24 and 0.18 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Richter et al. (2006b)measured higher final live weight of chicks and pullets afterenzyme supplementation in a diet with 150 g/kg DDGS.However, laying hens did not respond to enzyme supplementation.Chidothe, Acamovic and McDevitt (2002) andChidothe, McDevitt and Acamovic (2002) measured higherliveweight gain in broilers fed with 100 and 200 g/kgenzyme-supplemented DDGS, but the gain was still belowthe level of the control group without DDGS. Similar resultshave been reported by Trautwein et al. (2008) after feedingdiets with 100 g/kg DDGS.Another important aspect which needs to be consideredis the availability of P. Studies referring to wheat-basedDDGS, the most common DDGS source in Europe, isreviewed in another chapter in this document, which providesa more in-depth account of wheat DDGS in poultry(Noblet et al., this volume). Studies on maize-based DDGSreported a substantial variability in relative P bio-availabilityamong different batches, which seems mainly due to differentheating conditions employed during processing.During the process of fermentation for bio-ethanol production,small quantities of phytase are produced by theyeast, converting the P into better available forms (MartinezAmezuca, Parsons and Noll, 2004).CO-PRODUCTS FROM BIODIESEL PRODUCTIONGlycerineBiofuel production in the European Union is mainly basedon biodiesel production from rapeseed oil, basically inthe form of rapeseed oil methylester, leaving glycerineas a co-product. During biodiesel generation, fatty acidsare hydrolyzed from the glycerine backbone of the triglyceridemolecule by a transesterification process usingmethanol. Subsequent to separation of the fatty acid esters,glycerine still contains methanol and salts from the reactions.Separation or purification of glycerine can fluctuatedepending on the plant and the process applied (Schröderand Südekum, 1999). Yield of glycerine from this processis approximately 1 unit per 10 units of biodiesel produced(Friedrich, 2004).Starting around 60 years ago, researchers have shownthat glycerine may help prevent keto acidosis in the highyieldingdairy cow by increasing glucose precursors (Forsyth,1953; Johnson, 1954; Fisher, Erfle and Sauer, 1971; Fisher etal., 1973). Around 40 years ago, glycerine was registered asa feed additive (E 422) in the European Union (Anonymous,1970) with no restrictions as to animal species and quantityadded to feeds. Today, glycerine is listed as a feedstuff inthe “Positive List” of authorized feed materials (StandardsCommission for Straight Feeding Stuffs, 2011). Meanwhile,research expanded not only for dairy cattle but also otherfarm animals to elucidate the conditions under which glycerinecould be used advantageously. The reader is referredto two other chapters in this book, which provide a morein-depth account of inclusion of glycerine in transition andlactating cow diets (Kalscheur et al., this volume) and ofswine energy value, metabolism, contaminants, feedinglevels, performance and carcass composition (Shurson etal., this volume).Glycerine qualityGlycerine varies in quality, depending on the degree ofrefinement. Schröder and Südekum (2002) analysed thechemical composition of glycerine at different stages ofthe rapeseed oil methylester production process (Table 11).Important to notice is that the impure quality with elevatedmethanol concentrations (267 g/kg DM) was not a commoditybut an intermediate product that was used forexperimental purposes only. For the benefit of a fail-safeusage of glycerine in diets for all farm animals, methanolshould be removed as far as is technically possible. Table 12presents two different glycerine qualities according tothe German “Positive List” (Standards Commission forStraight Feeding Stuffs, 2011). Crude glycerine is the qualitycurrently used in farm animal feeding and it is stronglyrecommended that at least the specifications listed shouldTABLE 11Chemical composition of glycerine representing differentstages of the rapeseed oil methylester production processParameterPurity of glycerineLow Medium HighWater (g/kg) 268 11 25Dry matter composition (g/kg unless stated)Glycerine 633 853 998Crude fat 7.1 4.4 n.a.Phosphorus 10.5 23.6 n.a.Potassium 22.0 23.3 n.a.Sodium 1.1 0.9 n.a.Lead (mg/kg) 3 2 n.a.Methanol 267 0.4 n.a.Notes: n.a. = not analysed; analyses were omitted because the glycerinecontent was close to 1000 g/kg. Source: Schröder and Südekum, 2002.TABLE 12Standardized composition (g/kg) of two different glycerinequalities according to the German “Positive List“Parameter Glycerine Glycerine, crudeGlycerine Minimum 990 Minimum 800Water 5–100 100–150Ash Maximum 1.0 Maximum 100Methanol ND Maximum 2.0Other – NaCl, K, P, SNotes: ND = not detected. Source: Standards Commission for StraightFeeding Stuffs, 2011.
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BIOFUEL CO-PRODUCTS AS LIVESTOCK FE
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Recommended citationFAO. 2012. Biof
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vco-products to swine - Feeding cru
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viiCHAPTER 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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ixPrefaceHumans are faced with majo
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xiiCBMCBSCCDSCCKCDOCDSCFCFBCFRCGECI
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xivHCHOHClHCNHisH-JPKMHMCHPDDGHPDDG
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xviPPbPCVPDPEMPFADPhePJPKCPKEPKMPKO
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xviiiWBPWCGFWDGWDGSWDGSHWPCWTWWWNSK
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2Biofuel co-products as livestock f
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10Biofuel co-products as livestock
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35Chapter 3Impact of United States
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Impact of United States biofuels co
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101Chapter 6Hydrogen sulphide: synt
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Hydrogen sulphide in cattle fed co-
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155Chapter 8Utilization of crude gl
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Utilization of crude glycerin in be
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275Chapter 15Sustainable and compet
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Sustainable and competitive use of
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291Chapter 16Scope for utilizing su
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Scope for utilizing sugar cane baga
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303Chapter 17Camelina sativa in pou
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Camelina sativa in poultry diets: o
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311Chapter 18Utilization of lipid c
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Utilization of lipid co-products of
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351Chapter 21Use of detoxified jatr
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Use of detoxified jatropha kernel m
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379Chapter 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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Use of Pongamia glabra (karanj) and
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403Chapter 23Co-products of the Uni
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Co-products of the United States bi
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467Chapter 26An assessment of the p
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An assessment of the potential dema
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483Chapter 27Biofuels: their co-pro
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Biofuels: their co-products and wat
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501Chapter 28Utilization of co-prod
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Utilization of co-products of the b
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523Contributing authorsSouheila Abb
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Contributing authors 525for the Fee
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Contributing authors 527Friederike
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Contributing authors 529Sustainable
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Contributing authors 531During the
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Contributing authors 533(Hons.) and
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