Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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Feeding biofuel co-products to dairy cattle 145tate leaf protein. Efficiencies of extraction were similarfor fresh and stored grasses, which were both higherthan for wilted grass. Leaf CP concentrations (g/kg DM)were approximately twice that of the original grass for allchemical and heat treatment combinations. In vitro degradationof OG leaf protein was evaluated using enzymesextracted from rumens of lactating dairy cows. Fresh OGleaf protein treated with HCl + Zn salts at 140 °C hadthe greatest reduction in degradation compared withHCl control. There was an effect of conservation methodon HCl + Zn salts 140 °C treated OG leaf protein, withsimilar degradability for stored (51.5 g/kg CP) and wilted(83.0 g/kg CP), which were higher than fresh (16.8 g/kgCP) after incubation for 4 hours. The authors concludedthat leaf protein from fresh grass is most suitable becauseproteolysis during storage or wilting probably decreasesits recovery and increases ruminal degradation, and bothzinc salts and heat treatments decrease degradability ofOG leaf protein within the rumen.Scott et al. (2011) recently demonstrated similarresults of increased nitrogen content, decreased NDF andimproved fibre digestibility of reed canary grass hay, timothyhay, alfalfa hay, maize stover and barley straw withthe AFEX, or AFEX followed by enzymatic hydrolysis andseparation of the soluble sugars for ethanol production.The remaining solid co-product contained increased Nand improved degradability of DM, NDF and total N in therumen, as demonstrated via in sacco experiments.KNOWLEDGE GAPS AND FUTURE RESEARCHNEEDSMuch research on new biofuel co-products has been conductedover the past decade. The goal of this researchhas been to determine optimal inclusion rates undervarious management and nutritional regimens. For practicalapplication in the field, nutritionists and producers needadditional information on how best to manage biofuel coproductsfor dairy cattle. These knowledge gaps and futureresearch needs include:• What is the optimal inclusion rate of biofuel co-productswith different types of forages? Much of the researchhas been conducted with stored maize silage andalfalfa hay, but many other forage combinations exist.Distillers grain has been demonstrated as an excellentcomplement to fibrous residues (Anderson et al., 2010)in growing dairy heifer diets. Further investigation isneeded around the world to determine how biofuelco-products supplement fibrous residues in differentproduction systems.• What is the effect of biofuel co-products on milk composition?Past research has demonstrated that biofuelco-products can have a significant impact on milk composition.Much of this is related to ruminal fermentationand digestion. More research is needed to determinethe effect of biofuel co-products on ruminal digestion,microbial protein synthesis and intestinal nutrient digestion,and how these affect milk composition with differenttypes of diets.• What is the impact of feeding biofuel co-products onnutrient digestion in dairy cattle? Limited research hasbeen conducted to determine the impact on digestion offeeding biofuel co-products and subsequent excretion ofnutrients to the environment. Excretion of certain minerals,such as phosphorus, is a concern in regions withintensive animal agriculture. Effects on greenhouse gasemissions also need investigation.• Can variability of nutrient composition of co-productsbe reduced? Nutrient composition can vary considerablyamong different production plants. These differencescan be attributed to factors such as the grain type, grainquality, milling process, fermentation process, waterquality, drying temperature and the amount of solublesblended back to the distillers grain before drying. Lackof adjustment for changes in nutrient composition canresult in diets not being formulated as intended. Thesechanges can result in reduced animal performance.• What is the effect on animal performance of interactionwith other feeds of nutrients provided in ethanol co-products?High levels of polyunsaturated fat in combinationwith highly fermentable feeds and low effective fibre cannegatively affect rumen fermentation. More work is neededto determine how biofuel co-products can be incorporatedinto diets without negatively affecting performance.• What is the impact of feeding biofuel co-products onamino acid formulation? Diets high in maize co-productsoften result in a lysine deficiency. Further work is neededto determine amino acid availability from biofuel coproductsfor improving diet formulation for high-productiondairy cows. Fast and reliable methods to determinelysine availability need to be perfected.• There is limited research in feeding biofuel co-productsto young calves, heifers and dry cows. More work isneeded to define optimal and maximal inclusion ratesfor these categories.• On-farm research of wet co-products storage is neededto best determine how small farms can store and utilizethese co-products.• Further work is needed to determine which feeds canbe replaced by biofuel co-products to improve animalproductivity, reduce environmental impact and reducethe cost of producing milk and meat. While many ofthe co-products are used currently as protein sources, itwill become more commonplace to use them to replaceenergy feeds.• What will be the nutrient composition of future biofuelco-products? Currently, many plants are removing a por-
146Biofuel co-products as livestock feed – Opportunities and challengestion of the oil by centrifugication, which is altering thecomposition of distillers grain. In addition, new biofuelswill be developed, resulting in new co-products thatpotentially will be available for livestock feeding. Futurework will be needed to determine how they best fit intodairy cattle diets.CONCLUSIONSBiofuel co-products, such as distillers grain with or withoutsolubles, fractionated co-products and glycerol are excellentsources of protein and energy for dairy cattle. Researchsuggests that these co-products can replace more expensivesources of protein, energy and minerals. Because biofuelco-products can be highly variable, it is recommended theybe tested to determine precise nutrient compositions andproperly formulate diets. When balancing diets with variousco-products, care must be taken to provide sufficient physicallyeffective fibre to maintain normal rumen function and preventmilk fat depression in lactating cows. Nitrogen and phosphorusconcentrations in biofuel co-product-based diets also need tobe monitored to prevent excessive losses to the environment.Maximum recommended levels of distillers grain forpre-weaned calves, growing heifers and dry cows are 25,30 and 15 percent of the diet on a DM basis, respectively.Current recommendations for feeding distillers grain todairy cows would be to include it up to 20 percent of thediet DM for either DDGS and WDGS. Diets with greaterthan 10 percent of the diet as DDGS or WDGS should beformulated using sound nutritional principles for dairy cattlerespecting nutrient requirements. Glycerol can replacemaize up to 15 percent of the diet for lactating dairy cows.As technology improves, new biofuel co-products will bedeveloped and become available to livestock producers.These new co-products need to be evaluated individuallywith consideration of their unique nutritional profiles todetermine optimal inclusion in diets of dairy cattle.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors thank Jill Anderson for her valuable contributionsto the manuscript.BIBLIOGRAPHYAbdelqader, M.M., Anderson, J.L., Hippen, A.R.,Schingoethe, D.J. & Kalscheur, K.F. 2009a. In situ ruminaldegradability of dry matter and protein from corn germ,distillers grains, and soybean meal. Journal of Dairy Science,92(5): 2362 (Abstract).Abdelqader, M.M., Hippen, A.R., Kalscheur, K.F.,Schingoethe, D.J. & Garcia, A.D. 2009b. Isolipidic additionsof fat from corn germ, corn distillers grains, or corn oil indairy cow diets. Journal of Dairy Science, 92: 5523–5533.Abdelqader, M.M., Hippen, A.R., Kalscheur, K.F.,Schingoethe, D.J., Karges, K. & Gibson, M.L. 2009c.Evaluation of corn germ from ethanol production as analternative fat source in dairy cow diets. Journal of DairyScience, 92: 1023–1037.Abe, M., Iriki, T. & Funaba, M. 1997. Lysine deficiency inpostweaned calves fed corn and corn gluten meal diets.Journal of Animal Science, 75: 1974–1982.Abe, M., Iriki, T., Funaba, M. & Onda, S. 1998. Limitingamino acids for a corn and soybean meal diet in weanedcalves less than three months of age. Journal of AnimalScience, 76: 628–636.Agri-energysolutions. 2009. Grain sorghum in ethanol.U.S. Sorghum Checkoff Program. Available at http://www.sorghumcheckoff.com/userfiles/USCP%20Study%20_2_.pdf Accessed 24 November 2011.Al-Suwaiegh, S., Fanning, K.C., Grant, R.J., Milton, C.T. &Klopfenstein, T.J. 2002. Utilization of distillers grains fromthe fermentation of sorghum or corn in diets for finishingbeef and lactating dairy cattle.Journal of Animal Science,80: 1105–1111.Anderson, J.L., Schingoethe, D.J., Kalscheur, K.F. & Hippen,A.R. 2006. Evaluation of dried and wet distillers grainsincluded at two concentrations in the diets of lactating dairycows. Journal of Dairy Science, 89: 3133–3142.Anderson, J.L., Kalscheur, K.F., Garcia, A.D., Schingoethe,D.J. & Hippen, A.R. 2009. Ensiling characteristics of wetdistillers grains mixed with soybean hulls and evaluation ofthe feeding value for growing Holstein heifers. Journal ofAnimal Science, 87: 2113–2123.Anderson, J.L, Kalscheur, K.F., Garcia, A.D., Hippen, A.R.,Schingoethe, D.J., Kleinschmit, D.H. & Casper, D.P.2010. Ensiling wet distillers grains mixed with cornstalksand its feeding value for Holstein heifers. Journal of DairyScience, 93(5): 2305 (Abstract).Anderson, J.L., Kalscheur, K.F., Hippen, A.R. & Schingoethe,D.J. 2011. Evaluation of dietary fat from dried distillers grainsin the diet of Holstein heifers on growth and dry matter intake.Journal of Dairy Science, 94 (E-Suppl. 1): 626 (Abstract).Au, F., McKeown, L.E., McAllister, T.A. & Chaves, A.V. 2010.Fermentation characteristics of corn-, triticale-, and wheatbaseddried distillers’ grains with solubles in barley-baseddiets determined using continuous and batch culture systems.Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 90: 2074–2082.Bals, B., Murnen, H., Allen, M. & Dale, B. 2010. Ammoniafibre expansion (AFEX) treatment of eleven different forages:Improvements to fibre digestibility in vitro. Animal FeedScience and Technology, 155: 147–155.Batajoo, K.K. & Shaver, R.D. 1998. In situ dry matter, crudeprotein, and starch degradabilities of selected grains andby-product feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology,71: 165–176.Bauman, D.E., Mather, I.H., Wall, R.J. & Lock, A.L. 2006.Major advances associated with the biosynthesis of milk.Journal of Dairy Science, 89: 1235–1243.
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BIOFUEL CO-PRODUCTS AS LIVESTOCK FE
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Recommended citationFAO. 2012. Biof
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vco-products to swine - Feeding cru
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viiCHAPTER 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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ixPrefaceHumans are faced with majo
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xiiCBMCBSCCDSCCKCDOCDSCFCFBCFRCGECI
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xivHCHOHClHCNHisH-JPKMHMCHPDDGHPDDG
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xviPPbPCVPDPEMPFADPhePJPKCPKEPKMPKO
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xviiiWBPWCGFWDGWDGSWDGSHWPCWTWWWNSK
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10Biofuel co-products as livestock
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35Chapter 3Impact of United States
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Impact of United States biofuels co
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209Chapter 11Co-products from biofu
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Co-products from biofuel production
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275Chapter 15Sustainable and compet
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Sustainable and competitive use of
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291Chapter 16Scope for utilizing su
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Scope for utilizing sugar cane baga
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303Chapter 17Camelina sativa in pou
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Camelina sativa in poultry diets: o
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311Chapter 18Utilization of lipid c
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Utilization of lipid co-products of
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351Chapter 21Use of detoxified jatr
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379Chapter 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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Use of Pongamia glabra (karanj) and
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403Chapter 23Co-products of the Uni
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Co-products of the United States bi
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467Chapter 26An assessment of the p
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An assessment of the potential dema
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483Chapter 27Biofuels: their co-pro
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Biofuels: their co-products and wat
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501Chapter 28Utilization of co-prod
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523Contributing authorsSouheila Abb
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Contributing authors 525for the Fee
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Contributing authors 527Friederike
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Contributing authors 529Sustainable
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Contributing authors 531During the
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Contributing authors 533(Hons.) and
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