Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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447Chapter 25Land use in Australia for biofuels andbio-energy: opportunities and challengesfor livestock industriesAndrew L. BraidCSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, P.O. Box 6190 O’Connor, ACT 2602 AustraliaE-mail for correspondence: jbraid7@bigpond.comABSTRACTCurrent biofuel production in Australia and the opportunities that the co-products offer for Australia’s intensiveand grazing livestock production systems are described. Based on the use of grain sorghum and co-products ofgrain and sugar processing, the current biofuels industry in Australia is small. At present it is not a significantchallenge to the availability of feedstocks for the intensive livestock industries and only provides relatively smallamounts of co-product for livestock utilization. However, new non-food biomass production systems for biofueland bio-energy are being researched and developed. These include the use of ligno cellulosic feedstocks fromagricultural residues and on-farm plantings of short-rotation coppicing eucalypts, as well as new bio-oil feedstockssuch as the low-rainfall oilseed crop Brassica juncea, the oilseed tree Pongamia pinnata and algae. This movetowards the production of bio-energy and biofuels from non-food feedstocks raises the question: What will be thelikely challenges and opportunities for the Australian livestock industries with land-use change for the productionof these feedstocks? To answer this question, those developments that will affect livestock have been consideredthrough an examination of Australian and other research. Factors examined include the diversion of feedstockscurrently used by livestock (cereal stubble or straw), the production of co-products potentially useful to livestock(juncea and pongamia meals) and the development of a biomass production system that could be integrated withthe livestock production systems in Australia (short-rotation coppicing (SRC) eucalypts). The process as discussedhere includes research into the use of these crops. The systems of production of the new ligno cellulosic feedstocksare of particular relevance for grazing livestock, both sheep and cattle. Research carried out over many years hasbeen combined to identify the opportunities and challenges for grazing livestock as the new production systemsfor these feedstocks develop in Australia’s agricultural lands.INTRODUCTIONAustralia has a large land area of 7.69 million km 2 , a relativelysmall population of 22.4 million, and an advancedagricultural industry. It is therefore seen by many aroundthe world as potentially a large bio-energy and biofuelprovider.Australia currently has only a small biofuel and bioenergyindustry, based on first-generation technologies,as outlined in the next section. Australian ethanol is producedfrom three feedstocks: grain sorghum; waste wheatstarch, a co-product of the extraction of gluten from wheatflour; and C-molasses, a co-product of the sugar industry.Australian biodiesel is produced from tallow and usedcooking oil, with some production from juncea mustardseed (Brassica juncea), which is a low-rainfall Brassica underdevelopment as an alternative to canola.Any major increases in the biofuel industry in Australiawill most likely be predicated on new-generation processingtechnologies and some new types of feedstocks. Thisis in recognition of the global issues raised by large-scalediversion of starches, sugars, fats and oils from the humanand intensive livestock food chains into biofuels. The focusis therefore on non-food feedstocks such as ligno cellulosefrom sources such as cereal stubbles, short-rotation coppicing(SRC) eucalypts and commercial forest residues, andoils from micro-algae or oilseed trees (Farine et al., 2012).Australia has significant amounts of ligno cellulose fromexisting production systems in agriculture and forestry, anda strong capacity to produce more (Farine et al., 2012). Incontrast, the current production base for plant-based oils isvery small, and any scaling up of production would rely onnew production systems, such as use of brassica, pongamiaand algae (Farine et al., 2012).Unlike current processing technologies based on sugar,starch and food-based oilseeds, the new-generationtechnologies and feedstocks do not necessarily produce
448Biofuel co-products as livestock feed – Opportunities and challengesMAIN MESSAGES• The current small biofuels industry in Australia, basedlargely on the use of co-products of grain and sugarindustry, is not a significant challenge to the availabilityof feedstocks for the intensive livestock industriesand only provides a relatively small amount of coproductfor livestock feed. An expansion of the currentfirst generation biofuels industry would increase directcompetition for grain, but would also increase theavailability of protein feedstuffs – DDGS and oilseedmeals, which could provide a useful source of supplementaryprotein for livestock grazing low-protein, drysummer pastures. DDGS is particularly suitable for thisrole in ruminants.• New, non-food biomass production systems for biofueland bio-energy are being researched and developed inAustralia. These include the use of ligno cellulosic feedstocksfrom agricultural residues and on-farm plantingsof short-rotation coppicing eucalypts; and newbio-oil feedstocks, such as the low-rainfall oilseed cropBrassica juncea, the oilseed tree Pongamia pinnata,and algae. Much work remains yet to be done to fullydesign, test and implement the production systems.• The harvesting of stubble for bio-energy should havelittle impact on grazing livestock in mixed grazingcroppingfarming systems. There is little of nutritionalvalue in stubble for grazing livestock. When modelledas part of a whole farm system, the value for livestockof grazing stubble is variable, often marginal or negative.The use of long-phase perennial pasture rotationsin the cropping-livestock system is the most beneficialpractice in the long-term maintenance of croppingsoils and will always provide the major opportunityfor livestock within the system, whether stubble isharvested for bio-energy or grazed.• The re-introduction of trees for bio-energy and biofuelsinto cleared agricultural lands in Australia, willprovide direct benefits in livestock productivity andanimal welfare through the provision of shade andshelter as well as long-term benefits through landconservation for the grazing livestock industries. Theintegration of biomass production in the form of SRCeucalypts with pasture and livestock grazing mayprovide a benefit in improved resilience and land conservationwhile maintaining economic productivity ofthe land.• Integration of cropping, grazing and bio-energy productionpresents a complex set of biophysical, socialand economic interactions that will need to be wellunderstood to ensure sustainable development ofsuch land use. While some recent research at landscapescale has been reported here, there is need to continuethis at a range of scales, including sociological, to betterunderstand the likely land use changes in Australiaassociated with developing bio-energy industries.processing co-products that can be used as livestock feed.However, the biomass production systems themselves caneither compete with, or be complementary to, animalproduction systems. In this sense, animal production canbe viewed as a legitimate co-product of biofuel production,albeit in a different part of the value chain than usuallyassumed.The co-products produced from the current biofuelsindustry and the value of these for the Australian livestockindustries are outlined as they are available and arebeing utilized now. However, the potential move towardsthe production of bio-energy and biofuels from nonfoodfeedstocks raises the question: “What will be thelikely challenges and opportunities for the Australianlivestock industries associated with land use change forthe production of these feedstocks for bio-energy andbiofuels?”CURRENT BIOFUEL PRODUCTION IN AUSTRALIAThe amount of biofuels currently being produced in Australiais small in comparison with global activities. In 2009,as a percentage of the world’s total, Australia’s ethanolproduction was 0.15 percent, biodiesel was 0.4 percent(F.O. Licht, 2009), and, over all, biofuels represented onlyabout 0.5 percent of Australia’s transport fuel consumption.Over the past decade there have been numerous proposalsfor the development of first-generation biofuel productionfacilities in Australia, not all of which have proceeded.Of those that have, some are not currently in productiondue to changes in feedstock costs and other economicissues. In 2008–09 actual production of biofuels wasapproximately 50 percent of the stated production capacity(ABARE, 2010a; Geoscience Australia and ABARE, 2010).As a consequence the amount of co-product available forlivestock is relatively small.An estimate has been made of the amount ofco-products, i.e. wet or dried distillers grain and proteinmeals, based on the stated capacities of the small numberof bio-ethanol and biodiesel plants currently in production(Table 1). These are potentially available to the Australianlivestock industries if the plants are operating at full capacity,and in the absence of imported biofuel co-products.
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BIOFUEL CO-PRODUCTS AS LIVESTOCK FE
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Recommended citationFAO. 2012. Biof
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vco-products to swine - Feeding cru
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viiCHAPTER 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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ixPrefaceHumans are faced with majo
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10Biofuel co-products as livestock
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35Chapter 3Impact of United States
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Impact of United States biofuels co
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101Chapter 6Hydrogen sulphide: synt
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155Chapter 8Utilization of crude gl
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209Chapter 11Co-products from biofu
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275Chapter 15Sustainable and compet
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Sustainable and competitive use of
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291Chapter 16Scope for utilizing su
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303Chapter 17Camelina sativa in pou
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311Chapter 18Utilization of lipid c
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351Chapter 21Use of detoxified jatr
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379Chapter 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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Page 486 and 487: 467Chapter 26An assessment of the p
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Biofuels: their co-products and wat
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501Chapter 28Utilization of co-prod
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523Contributing authorsSouheila Abb
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Contributing authors 525for the Fee
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Contributing authors 527Friederike
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Contributing authors 529Sustainable
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Contributing authors 531During the
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Contributing authors 533(Hons.) and
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