Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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Biofuels: their co-products and water impacts in the context of life-cycle analysis 48740 00035 000FIGURE 4Domestic production of DGSThousand Metric Tons30 00025 00020 00015 00010 0005 0000USDA Marketing YearDistillers Grains Corn Gluten Feed Corn Gluten MealSource: RFA, 2011.TABLE 2United States distillers grain market size as DDGS on an as fed or sold basis (Arora, Wu and Wang, 2010)Animal typeGCAU(10 6 units)Feed per GCAU (1)(tonne/unit)DGS inclusion(%)Potential DGS usage at different market penetration levels(×10 3 tonne)50% 100%Dairy 10 4.0 (2) 20 4 020 8 041Beef 20 2.2 20 4 236 8 47240 8 472 16 943Swine 26 2.2 10 2 821 5 642Poultry 31 2.2 10 3 278 6 556Total market size (3) 18 591 37 181Notes: GCAU = grain consuming animal units. (1) Includes energy feeds (i.e. grains), oilseed meals, animal-protein feeds, grain-protein feeds and otherby-product feeds. Excludes feeding of distillers grain because of data unavailability. No roughage (i.e. alfalfa hay) is included. (2) Corrected on the basisof the feed consumption report by Anderson et al., 2006, assuming an annual feeding period of 300 days and a feed DM content of 85.5%. Representsthe maize and soybean meal portion of the diet. Total feed per dairy-GCAU is 8.21 tonne/year. (3) 40% inclusion for beef.TABLE 3Properties of maize ethanol co-products and conventional animal feeds on a dry matter basisAnimal feed and otherco-productsDry matter (%) Crude protein (%) Fat (%) Low heating values (MJ/kg)Maize 85.5 8.3 3.9 18.7Soybean meal 87.8 50.1 1.4 18.5DDGS 89.2 30.8 11.2 20.2WDGS 30.0 36.0 15.0 20.2 (3)d-DGS (1) 92.3 34.0 2.7 20.2 (3)HP-DDG (2) 87.5 48.6 3.4 20.2 (3)Maize gluten feed 89.4 23.8 3.5 18.5Maize germ 90.6 17.2 19.1 NAMaize oil — — — 17 (4)Notes: (1) De-oiled DGS. (2) High-protein dried distillers grain. (3) Assuming low heating values equal to DDGS on a DM basis. (4) Assuminglow heating value equal to soybean oil.monogastric animals (swine, poultry). DGS-fed monogastricanimals have not exhibited superior performance.The incorporation of technologies such as maizefractionation and maize oil extraction have enabled theproduction of new, higher-value co-products that mayenter the market and change the co-product mix. Theseco-products include high-protein dried distillers grain(HP-DDG), maize gluten feed, maize germ, de-oiled DGS
488Biofuel co-products as livestock feed – Opportunities and challengesand maize oil. As these co-products displace significantamounts of conventional feed, LCA practitioners mustmonitor their market penetration and effect on the environmentalimpacts of ethanol.Electricity generation with cellulosic ethanolCellulosic ethanol plants have the potential to produceelectricity from the combustion of lignin. The NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) calculates a netexport of electricity of 0.61 kWh per litre of cellulosic ethanolproduced from maize stover and switchgrass (Wang,Huo and Arora, 2011). Using the 2010 rate for industrialelectricity in the United States (6.54 cents per kWh) (EIA/DOE, 2011), the electricity generated during the productionof cellulosic ethanol could be worth US$ 0.04 per litre,or US$ 9 million annually for a 227 million L/year capacitycellulosic ethanol plant (Humbird et al., 2011).Electricity generation with sugar cane ethanolDuring the production of sugar cane ethanol in Brazil,0.25 kWh/litre ethanol of surplus electricity is generated.In 2009, the rate for industrial electricity in Brazilwas US$ 0.159 per kWh (IEA, 2011). The electricity coproducedat a sugar cane ethanol plant could therefore beworth the same amount per litre in Brazil as in a cellulosicethanol plant in the United States, or US$ 0.04/L.Sugar is also a by-product of sugar cane ethanolmanufacturing. Market demand determines the splitbetween sugar and ethanol produced at sugar caneethanol plants.Co-products with biodieselBiodiesel can be made from several feedstocks, dependingon the region of production: soybeans (North America),rapeseed oil (Europe) and palm oil (Southeast Asia). Palmoil by-products with market potential include palm kerneloil, which can replace coconut oil; palm kernel extract(an animal feed); and glycerin (a feedstock for specialtychemicals) (Bauen et al., 2010). Rapeseed oil by-productsinclude rapeseed meal (an animal feed) and glycerin(Bauen et al., 2010). Animal fat and waste cooking oilscan also serve as biodiesel feedstocks, but co-products ofanimal origin are not permitted to enter the animal foodchain.Figure 5 shows the pathways and co-products forbiodiesel and renewable diesel from soybeans. Renewablediesel, with properties very similar to petroleum diesel,is produced via hydrogenation or hydrotreating. In thebiodiesel pathway, soybean meal, an animal feed, is anoutput of the soybean crushing operation, which alsoproduces soybean oil. Subsequent trans esterification ofsoybean oil produces biodiesel and glycerin.FIGURE 5Biodiesel and renewable diesel pathways based on soybeanCO 2in theAtmosphereEnergy inputsfor farmingCO 2viaPhotosynthesisHeavy oilsFuel gasCO 2emissionsfrom fuelcombustionSoy oilSoy oilhydrogenationRenewable dieselFertilizerSoybeansN 2O emissionsfrom soil andwater streamsDirectland-usechangeChange in soil carbonIndirectland-use changesfor other crops andin other regions(Negative Impact)Effective via price signalEffective viaprice signal(Positive Impact)SoymealSoy oilDisplacementSoy oiltransesterificationConventionalanimal feedBiodieselGlycerin
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BIOFUEL CO-PRODUCTS AS LIVESTOCK FE
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Recommended citationFAO. 2012. Biof
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vco-products to swine - Feeding cru
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viiCHAPTER 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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ixPrefaceHumans are faced with majo
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xiiCBMCBSCCDSCCKCDOCDSCFCFBCFRCGECI
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xivHCHOHClHCNHisH-JPKMHMCHPDDGHPDDG
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xviPPbPCVPDPEMPFADPhePJPKCPKEPKMPKO
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xviiiWBPWCGFWDGWDGSWDGSHWPCWTWWWNSK
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2Biofuel co-products as livestock f
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10Biofuel co-products as livestock
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35Chapter 3Impact of United States
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Impact of United States biofuels co
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101Chapter 6Hydrogen sulphide: synt
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Hydrogen sulphide in cattle fed co-
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155Chapter 8Utilization of crude gl
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Utilization of crude glycerin in be
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209Chapter 11Co-products from biofu
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Co-products from biofuel production
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275Chapter 15Sustainable and compet
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Sustainable and competitive use of
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291Chapter 16Scope for utilizing su
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Scope for utilizing sugar cane baga
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303Chapter 17Camelina sativa in pou
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Camelina sativa in poultry diets: o
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311Chapter 18Utilization of lipid c
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Utilization of lipid co-products of
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351Chapter 21Use of detoxified jatr
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379Chapter 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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403Chapter 23Co-products of the Uni
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Co-products of the United States bi
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Page 486 and 487: 467Chapter 26An assessment of the p
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Page 542 and 543: 523Contributing authorsSouheila Abb
Page 544 and 545: Contributing authors 525for the Fee
Page 546 and 547: Contributing authors 527Friederike
Page 548 and 549: Contributing authors 529Sustainable
Page 550 and 551: Contributing authors 531During the
Page 552: Contributing authors 533(Hons.) and
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