Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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243Chapter 13Utilization of oil palm co-products as feedsfor livestock in MalaysiaM. Wan Zahari, 1 A.R. Alimon 2 and H.K. Wong 31Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK), Locked Bag 36, Jalan Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia2Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia3Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Mail bag 12301, GPO 50774 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaE-mail for correspondence: wanzahari@umk.edu.myABSTRACTSeveral oil palm industry co-products can be utilized as animal feed, notably oil palm fronds (OPF), oil palm trunks(OPT), palm press fibre (PPF), empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm kernel cake (PKC) and palm oil mill effluent (POME).These co-products are obtained either during the harvesting of the fruits, or the extraction and refining of crudepalm oil (CPO) or palm kernel oil (PKO). Many of the co-products from the plantation (field residues) and processingmills need further processing before they can be used effectively in livestock diets.Information on chemical composition, nutritive values, improvement methods and feeding response of ruminantsfed oil-palm co-product-based diets are widely documented. Besides livestock feeds, some co-products arealso utilized in the manufacturing of industrial products and organic fertilizers. OPF has been successfully utilizedas feedstuffs either freshly chopped, as silage, or processed into pellets and cubes. Optimum inclusion level in beefand dairy animals is about 30 percent. Ensiled OPT produced reasonably good live weight gain (LWG) of about0.7 kg/day in beef cattle when fed at levels between 30 and 40 percent. PPF has a lower digestibility, which limitsits inclusion in ruminant diets to less than 20 percent. PKC is a high-energy source and is a cost-effective ingredientin ration formulations for various livestock species. Beef and dairy production utilizing PKC-based diets aremore economical under local dietary and management systems than non-PKC-based diets. High content of fibreand shell can limit use in poultry and aquaculture. With biotechnological treatments, inclusion levels of PKC canbe increased to 30 percent for poultry feeding. POME, the residue left from the purification of CPO, can be combinedwith PKC and OPF to provide a cost-effective and complete ration for feeding ruminant livestock. The useof EFB, the material remaining of fruit bunches after steaming, is very limited and is generally utilized only afterirradiation and culture-substrate treatments. The utilization of other locally available oil-palm-based co-productsis targeted at increasing dietary energy content and improving nutrient digestibility. These include palm-fatty aciddistillates (PFAD) and CPO, which are more suited for supplementing dairy animals, poultry, swine and aquaculture.The use of spent bleaching earth (SBE), another co-product from the oil-palm refineries, is very limited at present.Improvement in feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and maximizing the use of local feedstuffs represents a potentialarea of application to reduce the high cost of feed in Malaysia, especially in the non-ruminant subsector.INTRODUCTIONThe oil palm industry has become the backbone of Malaysia’seconomic and social development. It is developing rapidly tomeet high global demand for palm oil, oleo-chemicals andbiodiesel. In 2008, Malaysia produced about 17.74 milliontonne of palm oil from over 4.49 million hectare of plantedarea. Palm oil and palm kernel oil (PKO) contributed about30 percent of the total global production of oils and fats in2008 (Oil World, 2009). The plantation area has increasedfrom 97 000 ha in 1965 to 4.5 million ha in 2008. Theplanted area in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawakwere 2.41, 1.33 and 0.74 million ha, respectively (MPOB,2009). The private-estate sector occupied the largest area,amounting to about 60 percent of the total area. The rest ofthe estates were government and state-schemes (28 percent)and smallholders (12 percent). The government-ownedplantations include the Federal Land Development Authority(FELDA), the Federal Land Consolidated Authority (FELCRA),the Rubber Industry Development Authority (RISDA) andthe State Economic Development Corporation (SEDC). Ofthe government-owned plantations, FELDA is the largestowner of oil palm land. As of 2009, there were 252 oilpalm mills and 36 refineries in Peninsular Malaysia, 117 oilpalm mills and 11 refineries in Sabah, and 41 oil palm millsand 5 refineries in Sarawak. Over the period 1990–2005,the land area under oil palm increased by 6.6 percent per
244Biofuel co-products as livestock feed – Opportunities and challengesMAIN MESSAGES• A large percentage of available palm kernel cake (PKC)should be efficiently used for domestic use as themain energy and protein sources for feeding ruminantand non-ruminant animals.• Oil palm frond (OPF) is a good fibre source for ruminantfeeding, and it is available in Malaysia throughoutthe year.• Complete diets based on oil-palm co-products can beproduced for various livestock species, including foraquaculture. Recommended levels of PKC feeding are30–80 percent for growing beef cattle and 20–50 percentfor goats, while for lactating dairy cattle it is20–50 percent. Recommended levels of PKC in feed forpoultry and freshwater fish are no more than 10 percent.The optimum level of OPF in feed for ruminantanimals is 30 percent.• Use of various oil-palm co-products as sources of feedfor ruminants raised on the plantation itself is to beencouraged and maximized in order to reduce productioncosts.• There is a huge potential – currently underestimated –for developing integrated oil palm-based ruminantproduction in Malaysia.year, compared with negative growth for rubber, cocoa andcoconut areas (MPOA, 2005).Oil palm, Elaeis guinensis Jacq, has an economic life of20 to 25 years and annually bears 8 to 12 fruit bunches,each weighing between 15 and 25 kg. Each fruit bunch carries1000 to 3000 fruits, and each palm tree produces about40 kg of palm oil annually. In palm oil milling, when the freshfruit bunches (FFB) are processed, the economic end productsare crude palm oil (CPO) and palm kernel oil (PKO). In the oilpalm industry, the co-products are obtained from two sources,namely from residues in the plantations (field residues) andfrom palm oil milling. The former produces two major coproducts:oil palm trunks (OPT) and oil palm fronds (OPF),while the latter produces empty fruit bunches (EFB), palmkernel cake (PKC), palm oil mill effluent (POME), palm pressfibre (PPF), and shell. After processing some of the co-productsare suitable for use as animal feed ingredients. The availabilityof various type of biomass and wastes in the oil palm environmenthas been intensively reviewed (Zin, 2000). A more recentpaper estimated yields of 0.62, 0.04, 0.96 and 0.23 t/ha/yearfor OPF, PKC, POME and PPF, respectively (Devendra, 2006).This present paper describes the utilization of the biomassfrom plantation and milling activities as feeds forlivestock. Emphasis is placed on resources with abundantsupply and easy to collect and utilize for livestock feeding.Selected products from refining activities that are used ashigh-energy sources for dairy animals, poultry, swine andaquaculture are also highlighted.CO-PRODUCTS FROM OIL PALM PLANTATIONS(FIELD RESIDUES)Oil palm frondsAvailabilityOil palm fronds (OPF) are obtained during harvesting orpruning and felling of palms for replanting. As such, it isavailable throughout the year. On an annual basis, about 24fronds are pruned per palm tree, and the weight of frondsvaries considerably with age of the palm, with an averageannual pruning of 82.5 kg of fronds per palm (Chan, 1999;Chan, Watson and Kim, 1981). At the time of felling duringland clearing for replanting, each crown gives approximately115 kg of dry fronds. It is estimated that about30 million tonne of OPF is produced on a dry matter (DM)basis annually during the pruning and replanting operations(Ma, 2000) . Traditionally, most OPF is left to rot betweenthe rows of palm trees, mainly for soil conservation, erosioncontrol and ultimately for the long-term benefit of nutrientrecycling. However, due to the need to increase the netreturn per hectare, OPF has been used as resource materialfor extraction of vitamin E, paper pulp and animal feed. Thelarge quantity of fronds produced by a plantation each yearmakes this biomass a very promising source of roughagefor ruminants.Nutritive valueOPF comprises three main components: a petiole, rachisand leaflets. About 70 percent of the DM in the OPF isfrom the petiole, and the rest from leaves and rachis. Theleaves contain a higher percentage of crude protein (CP)and ether extract (EE) than the petioles. The DM content ofOPF is about 31.0 percent and in vitro digestibility of DM ofleaves and petioles is uniform throughout the length of thefronds, with a mean value of 35.6 percent (Ishida and AbuHassan, 1992). OPF also contains between 15 and 26 percenthemicellulose, depending on its age. The moisturecontents of chopped fresh OPF, solar-dried chopped OPF,steam-dried ground OPF and OPF pellets were 58.6 percent,44.6 percent, 12.7 percent and 14.7 percent, respectively,with respective density values of 0.27, 0.08, 0.12and 0.53 (Oshibe et al., 2001). The chemical compositionof OPF in comparison with other oil-palm co-products isshown in Table 1.Rumen degradability is an appropriate assessment ofthe nutritive value of a fibrous feed for ruminants because
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BIOFUEL CO-PRODUCTS AS LIVESTOCK FE
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Recommended citationFAO. 2012. Biof
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vco-products to swine - Feeding cru
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viiCHAPTER 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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ixPrefaceHumans are faced with majo
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xiiCBMCBSCCDSCCKCDOCDSCFCFBCFRCGECI
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10Biofuel co-products as livestock
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35Chapter 3Impact of United States
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Impact of United States biofuels co
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101Chapter 6Hydrogen sulphide: synt
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Hydrogen sulphide in cattle fed co-
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155Chapter 8Utilization of crude gl
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Utilization of crude glycerin in be
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Scope for utilizing sugar cane baga
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303Chapter 17Camelina sativa in pou
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Camelina sativa in poultry diets: o
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311Chapter 18Utilization of lipid c
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Utilization of lipid co-products of
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351Chapter 21Use of detoxified jatr
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379Chapter 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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Use of Pongamia glabra (karanj) and
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403Chapter 23Co-products of the Uni
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Co-products of the United States bi
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467Chapter 26An assessment of the p
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An assessment of the potential dema
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483Chapter 27Biofuels: their co-pro
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Biofuels: their co-products and wat
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501Chapter 28Utilization of co-prod
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523Contributing authorsSouheila Abb
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Contributing authors 525for the Fee
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Contributing authors 527Friederike
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Contributing authors 529Sustainable
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Contributing authors 533(Hons.) and
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