Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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Use of Pongamia glabra (karanj) and Azadirachta indica (neem) seed cakes for feeding livestock 397RECOMMENDATIONSBased on the knowledge available, it appears that bothneem and karanj oil cakes are rich in protein, which canbe very good supplements for ruminants fed on roughagebaseddiets. They could also be incorporated in poultrydiets for increasing productivity, but neither oilcake issuitable for feeding without pre-treatment because of thepresence of toxic compounds and poor palatability.The anti-nutritional factors of karanj cake are solublein oil. Therefore, complete removal of oil from cakemay be a more effective method than other chemicaltreatment methods. The chemical structure of toxic andbitter compounds of neem cake are a mixture of polar andnon-polar groups. Some of these compounds might betoxic for the animals, since they are either soluble in wateror fat. This is perhaps the reason why water-washing ofneem seed cake has shown promising results with minimaltoxicity.Water-washed or de-oiled karanj cake and waterwashedneem seed cake may be incorporated at upto 50 percent of the nitrogen part of conventionalprotein supplements like soyabean meal or groundnut cakewithout adverse effects on nutrient metabolism, growthand health of lambs.KNOWLEDGE GAPS AND FUTURE RESEARCHNEEDSNumerous experiments have been conducted on thedetoxification of these two oil cakes to render them suitablefor feeding to cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and poultry, butnot much information is available on the selective removalof the compounds with the most toxic effects.Once the pre-treatment process for detoxification ofthese oil cakes has been standardized, there will be theneed to develop an industrial process for detoxification sothat treatment cost is minimized and their use becomeseconomically feasible.Long-term feeding trials to examine the effects offeeding the treated oil cakes on the quality of livestockproducts (milk, meat and eggs) are needed before thesecakes can be recommended for practical application byfarmers or for use in commercial compound feeds.BIBLIOGRAPHYAgarwal, N., Kewalramani, N., Kamra, D.N., Agrawal,D.K. & Nath, K. 1991. Effects of water extracts of neem(Azadirachta indica) cake on the activity of hydrolyticenzymes of mixed rumen bacteria from buffalo. Journal ofthe Science of Food and Agriculture, 57: 147–150.Agrawal, D.K., Garg, A.K. & Nath, K. 1987. The use ofwater washed neem (Azadirachta indica) kernel cake in thefeeding of buffalo calves. Journal of Agricultural Science(Cambridge), 108: 497–499.Alumot, E. & Nistan, Z. 1961. The influence of soybeanantitrypsin inhibitor on the intestine proteolysis of the chick.Journal of Nutrition, 73: 71–77.Anandan, S. 1994. Urea ammoniated neem (Azadirachtaindica A.Juss) seed kernel cake as a protein supplement forgrowing kids. PhD Thesis. I.V.R.I., Izatnagar, India.Anandan, S., Sastry, V.R.B., Katiyar, R.C. & Agrawal, D.K.1999. Processed neem kernel meal as a substitute forpeanut meal protein in growing goat diets. Small RuminantResearch, 32(2): 125–128.Ananthasubramanian, C.R., Menacherry, M. & Devasia,P.A. 1979. Studies on the feeding of value of neem(Azadirachta indica) seed cake for cattle. Kerala Journal ofVeterinary Science, 10: 182–186.Anon[ymous]. 1948. Wealth of India: Raw Materials. Vol. 1.Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Delhi, India.Anon. 1969. The Wealth of India: A Dictionary of RawMaterials and Industrial Products. Vol. 8. Publications andInformation Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, India.Anon. 1977-78. Progress report. AICRP on Agro-industrialbyproduct & industrial waste for evolving economic rationfor livestock. Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy,India.Arora, S.P., Singhal, K.K. & Ludri, R.S. 1975. Nutritive valueof neem seed cake (Melia indica). Indian Veterinary Journal,52: 867–870.Bedi, S.P.S., Vijan, V.K. & Ranjihan, S.K. 1975a. Effectof neem (Azadirachta indica) seed cake on growth anddigestibility of nutrients in cross-bred calves. Indian Journalof Animal Science, 45: 618–621.Bedi, S.P.S., Vijjan, V.K. & Ranjhan, S.K. 1975b. Utilizationof neem (Azadirachta indica) seed cake and its influence onnutrients digestibility in buffaloes. Indian Journal of DairyScience, 28: 104.Brijesh, S., Daswani, P.G. & Tetali, P. 2006. Studies onPongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre leaves: Understanding themechanism(s) of action in infectious diarrhea. Journal ofZhejiang University of Science, Series B, 7: 665–674.Birk, Y. 1976. Proteinase inhibitors from plant sources.Methods in Enzymology, 45: 695–697.Bringi, N.V. & Mukerjee, S. K. 1987. Karanj seed (Pongamiaglabra) oil. pp. 143–166, in: N.V. Bringi (editor). Non-Traditional Oilseeds and Oils of India. Oxford IBH Publishing,New Delhi, India.CASAN [Centre of Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition].1999–2000. Annual Report. ICAR ad hoc scheme onidentification of anti-nutritional/toxic factors in oil cakes andtheir removal/denaturation. Izatnagar, India.Chand, S. 1987. Nutritional evaluation of neem seed meal inchicks. PhD thesis. Rohikhand University, Bareilly, India. Seepp. 66–106.Chandrasekaran, D., Kadiravel, R. & Viswanathan, K.1989. Nutritive value of pungam (Pongamia glabra Vent)
398Biofuel co-products as livestock feed – Opportunities and challengescake for sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology,22: 321–325.Chaudhury, S.C., Sharma, M., Bhatt, R.S. & Katoch, B.S.1991. Biological evaluation of de-oiled karanj (Pongamiaglabra vent.) and makhan (Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb.)kernel meals in starter chicks. Indian Journal of AnimalNutrition, 8: 282–284.Chopade, V.V., Tankar, A.N., Pande, V.V., Tekade, A.R.,Gowekar, N.M., Bhandari, S.R. & Khandake, S.N. 2008Pongamia pinnata: Phytochemical constituents, traditionaluses and pharmacological properties: A review. InternationalJournal of Green Pharmacology, 2: 72–75.Choudhary, K.K., Siakia, A., Baruah, K.K. & Pathak. N.N.1981. Nutritional significance of need seed cake. PoultryGuide, 18: 43–46.Christopher, J. 1970. Neem seed cake is also good for cattle.Ind. Farming, 4: 38-40.Christopher, J., Ahmed, N. & Sastry, G.A. 1976. Effect offeeding de-oiled neem seed cake to chickens. Indian Journalof Veterinary Pathology, 1: 27–30.Devakumar, C. & Dev, S. 1993. Chemistry. pp. 63–96, in:N.S. Randhawa and B.S. Parmar (editors). Neem Researchand Development. Publ. No. 3, Society of Pesticide Science,India.De, B.K. & Bhattacharyya, D.K. 1999. Biodiesel from minorvegetable oils like karanj oil and nahor oil. Fett/Lipid,101(10): 404–406.De, B.K., Rakshit, S., Sen, M. & Bhattacharyya, D.K. 1998.Nutritional quality of karanj (Pongamia glabra) oil. Fett/Lipid,100(2): S48–S51.Dhara, T.K., Chakraborty, N., Samanta, G. & Mandal, L.1997. Deoiled karanj (Pongamia glabra Vent) cake in theration of Japanese quail. Indian Journal of Poultry Science,32: 132–136.Dikshit, A.K. & Birthal, P.S. 2010. India’s livestock feeddemand: Estimates and projections. Agricultural EconomicsResearch Review, 23(1): 15–28.Dutta, K.K., Gupta, B.S., Srivastava, J.P., Thakur, S. &Pandey, R.S. 1984. Utilization of de-oiled karanj cakeby lactating cows. I. Effect on nutrient utilization and itsbalances. In: Proceeding of 1st Conference organized byAnimal Nutrition Society of India, Hisar, India.Gandhi, V.M. & Cherian, K.M. 2000. Red cell haemolysistest as an in vitro approach for the assessment of toxicity ofkaranja oil. Toxicology In Vitro, 14: 513–516.Gangopadhyay, P., Pyne, A.K., Moitra, D.N. & Mazumdar,S. 1981. Studies on the biochemical constituents of bloodwith the incorporation of neem seed cake (Azadirachtaindica) in the ration of milch Murrah buffaloes. IndianJournal of Animal Health, 20: 61–63.Garg, A.K. 1989. Studies on de-oiled neem (Azadirachtaindica A.Juss) seed cake as cattle feed. PhD Thesis. IVRI,Izatnagar, India.Georgievskii, V.I., Annenkov, B.N. & Samokhin, V.I. 1982.Mineral nutrition of animals. Butterworth, London, UK.Government of India. 1983. Troup’s The silviculture of Indiantrees. Volume IV, Leguminosae. Government of India Press,Nasik, India.Gowda, S.K., Verma, S.V.S., Elangovan, A.V. & Singh, S.D.1998. Neem kernel meal in the diet of white Leghorn layers.British Poultry Science, 39: 648–652.Gowda, S.K. & Sastry, V.R.B. 2000. Neem seed cake inanimal feeding – Scope and limitations – a review. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 13: 720–728.Gupta, B.S., Srivastava, J.P., Tripathy, A.K., Verma, A.K. &Thakur, S. 1981. Biological evaluation of karanj (Pongamiaglabra) cake. Indian Journal of Animal Health, 20: 70–75.Gupta, R.S. & Bhaid, M.U. 1980. A study on the effect offeeding different levels of de-oiled neem fruit cake in theconcentrate mixture on water consumption in lambs. pp. 121–123, in: A Review of Agro-Animal Science and Health, vol.3.Haque, N., Srivastava, J.P., Verma A.K. & Toppo, S. 1996.Growth performance in broiler chicks feeding on a cakemixture of agro forestry byproducts. International Journal ofAnimal Science, 11: 283–288.Haslam, E. 1966. Chemistry of vegetable tannins. AcademicPress, New York, USA.Kellems, R.O. & Church, D.C. 1998. Livestock feed andfeeding. (4th ed.). Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA.Konwar, B. K. & Banerjee, G.C. 1987. Deoiled karanja cake(Pongamia glabra Vent.): a new feed ingredient in cattleration. Indian Veterinary Journal, 64(6): 500–504.Konwar, B.K., Banerjee, G.C. & Mandal, L. 1984. Nutritivevalue of de-oiled karanj (Pongamia glabra Vent.) cake inadult cattle. Indian Journal of Animal Science, 54: 489–490.Kumar, K.P., Reddy, C.R., Rao, M.R., Reddy, T.J., Rao,V.P. & Sastry, V.R.B. 1992. Utilization of water washedneem seed cake as cattle feed. Indian Veterinary Journal,69(6): 127–132.La Due, J.S., Wroblewski, F. & Karmen, A. 1954. Serumglutamic oxaloacetictransmural mycocordial infarcation.Science, 120: 497–499.Lehninger, A.L. 1984. Priniciples of Biochemistry. CBSpublication, New Delhi, India.Liener, I.E. 1979. The nutritive significance of plant proteaseinhibitors. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 38: 109–130.Limaye, D.B. 1925. Karanjin. Part I: A crystalline constituent ofthe oil from Pongamia glabra. p. 118, in: Procedings of the12th Indian Academy of Science Congress, 1925.Limaye, D.B. 1926. p. 151, in: Abstracts of Proceedings ofIndian Science Congress.Ludri, R.S. & Arora, S.P. 1977. Versatile neem (Azadirachtaindica) - A review. Agriculture Review, 4: 1–10Mahali, S.S., Basu, S.P., Sinha, K.P. & Banerjee, N.C. 1989.Pharmacological effect of karanjin and pongamol. IndianJournal of Animal Science, 59(6): 657–660.
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BIOFUEL CO-PRODUCTS AS LIVESTOCK FE
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Recommended citationFAO. 2012. Biof
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vco-products to swine - Feeding cru
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viiCHAPTER 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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ixPrefaceHumans are faced with majo
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xiiCBMCBSCCDSCCKCDOCDSCFCFBCFRCGECI
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xivHCHOHClHCNHisH-JPKMHMCHPDDGHPDDG
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xviPPbPCVPDPEMPFADPhePJPKCPKEPKMPKO
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xviiiWBPWCGFWDGWDGSWDGSHWPCWTWWWNSK
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10Biofuel co-products as livestock
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35Chapter 3Impact of United States
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Impact of United States biofuels co
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101Chapter 6Hydrogen sulphide: synt
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Hydrogen sulphide in cattle fed co-
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155Chapter 8Utilization of crude gl
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Utilization of crude glycerin in be
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209Chapter 11Co-products from biofu
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Co-products from biofuel production
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275Chapter 15Sustainable and compet
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Sustainable and competitive use of
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291Chapter 16Scope for utilizing su
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Scope for utilizing sugar cane baga
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303Chapter 17Camelina sativa in pou
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Camelina sativa in poultry diets: o
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311Chapter 18Utilization of lipid c
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Utilization of lipid co-products of
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467Chapter 26An assessment of the p
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An assessment of the potential dema
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483Chapter 27Biofuels: their co-pro
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Biofuels: their co-products and wat
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501Chapter 28Utilization of co-prod
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Utilization of co-products of the b
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523Contributing authorsSouheila Abb
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Contributing authors 525for the Fee
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Contributing authors 527Friederike
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Contributing authors 529Sustainable
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Contributing authors 531During the
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Contributing authors 533(Hons.) and
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