Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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Camelina sativa in poultry diets: opportunities and challengesy 305TABLE 1The nutrient profile of camelina mealParameterValueGross energy4755 kcal/kgCrude protein 36.2 %Crude fibre 8.4 %Ash 6.5 %Neutral-detergent fibre 41.8 %-Tocopherol5.2 µg/gγ- Tocopherol 201.7 µg/gPhenolics4006 µg/gFlavonoids21.2 mg/gGlucosinolates21.4 µmol/gMineralsppmP 10 214K 13 204Ca 2 703Mg 4 696S 9 122Na 15.4Fe 151Mn 25.1Zn 61.1Cu 9.18Al 5.37Amino Acid %Aspartic acid 2.84Threonine 1.34Serine 1.36Glutamic acid 5.50Glycine 1.82Alanine 1.60Valine 1.89Isolecucine 1.38Leucine 2.32Tyrosine 0.82Phenylalanine 1.47Lysine 1.77Histidine 0.84Arginine 2.16Tryptophan 0.43Methionine 0.92Cystine 0.95Fatty Acid %Palmitic (16:0) 8.29Palmitoleic (16:1) 0.25Stearic (18:0) 2.38Oleic acid (18:1) 20.33Linoleic (18:2n-6) 23.87-Linolenic (18:3n-3) 29.48Eicosenoic (20:1) 10.67Eicosadienoic (20:2n-6) 1.52Eicosatrienoic (20:3n-6) 1.05Erucic (22:1) 1.75Notes: Values are indicative, subject to variation due to differences inbatch, cultivar, soil type or processing method used. Amino acid valuesare expressed as g per 100 g sample (as-is basis). Fatty acid values arereported as percent of fatty acid methyl esters.Sources: Adapted from Aziza, Quezada and Cherian, 2010a, b; Cherian,Campbell and Parker, 2009.could be due to the availability of nutrients in the meal.Camelina belongs to the Brassica family, which is highin non-starch polysaccharides and glucosinolates thatcan affect feed consumption and growth performanceof broiler chickens (Budin, Breene and Putnam, 1995). Inaddition, phenolic compounds such as phenolic acids andtannins that are present in the Brassica family, soil type,bird age and meal preparation methods can affect digestibility,leading to discrepancies in reported results. Pekel etal. (2009) reported that addition of copper (150 mg/kg)enhanced feed consumption and body weight of birds fedcamelina meal. The beneficial effect of Cu may be due toits ability to alleviate the negative effects of glucosinolatespresent in the meal. Although glucosinolates themselvesshow no toxic effects on animals, the breakdown productsof glucosinolates can form toxins by the endogenous plantenzyme myrosinase or can influence gut microflora, affectinggrowth and feed efficiency (Schuster and Friedt, 1998).These factors should be taken into consideration whenevaluating results from feeding camelina meal to broilerbirds.Effect on production performance of feedingCamelina sativa meal to egg laying hensOil seeds and oilseed meals are incorporated into laying henrations as a source of energy, crude protein and essentialomega-3 fatty acids. In this respect, much work on feedingflax seed to laying birds for omega-3 egg productionhas been well documented (Cherian, 2008). Typically, oilseeds or their meals are restricted to less than 10 percentof the rations (Bean and Leeson, 2003). Lipid quantity andtype of fatty acids in oil seeds in the laying hen diet cansignificantly affect the content of fatty acids, fat solublevitamins and pigments in the egg yolk. The alteration ofegg lipid nutrient profile is due to the fact that chickensare monogastric (single stomach) animals and that there isa high turnover of lipids in laying hens, causing egg lipid tomirror dietary fats. This has led to the successful productionand marketing of omega-3 fatty acid- and vitamin-modifiedspecialty eggs worldwide (Cherian, 2009). Considering thehigh content of -linolenic acid in camelina meal, studieswere conducted to test the efficacy of the meal in enrichingeggs with omega-3 fatty acids. Feeding trials conducted inour laboratory showed that inclusion of camelina meal atover 10 percent of the ration can affect egg production,feed consumption and egg yolk weight. When the mealwas included at 5, 10 and 15 percent of the ration, it wasobserved that hen-day egg production ([total number ofeggs produced/total number of hens × number of days ontest diet] × 100), was lowest for the 15 percent inclusionlevel (Cherian, Campbell and Parker, 2009) (Table 2). Yolkweight as a percentage of egg weight was lower for the10 and 15 percent inclusion levels. However, decrease in
306Biofuel co-products as livestock feed – Opportunities and challengesTABLE 2Summary of studies investigating the effect of camelina meal in poultryReferences Bird type Salient findingsAcamovic et al., 1999. Broiler Nutritional evaluation of the meal done in broiler birds by precision method (tube feeding)reported reduced digestibility coefficient for nitrogen and dry matter.Aziza, Quezada andCherian, 2010a.Aziza, Quezada andCherian, 2010b.Cherian, Campbell andParker, 2009.Frame and Petersen,2007.Broiler Feeding camelina meal at 10% led to over 2.5-fold increases in omega-3 fatty acid of white anddark meat. No difference in final body weight at 10% inclusion.Broiler Feeding 10% camelina meal led to: (1) a >1.5-fold increase in γ-tocopherols in the thigh meat;(2) increase in thigh meat antioxidant activity; and (3) reductions in thiobarbituric acid reactivesubstances in the meat during storage and cooking.Layer Feeding camelina meal at 10% led to over 8-fold increase in omega-3 egg fatty acids. Camelinameal at low levels (5 and 10%) did not lead to any changes in egg production or egg quality.Addition of camelina at higher levels (15%) led to reductions in egg production, yolk fat and yolksize. No effect on egg weight.Turkey Camelina meal could be included in turkey diets up to 5%.Pekel et al., 2009. Broiler 10% camelina meal reduced body weight when fed during the first 3 weeks of life.Pilgeram et al., 2007. Layer Fed 15% camelina meal containing diets to layer birds. No adverse effect on bird health or eggproduction. Over 140 mg of -linolenic acid reported in eggs.Rokka et al., 2002. Layer No effect of feeding camelina seed oil on the sensory attributes of chicken eggs.Ryhanen et al., 2007. Broiler Inclusion of 5 or 10% Camelina sativa expeller cake reduced feed intake and feed conversion ratioduring starter phase. Feeding the meal had no effect on meat sensory quality aspects.TABLE 3The systematic and trivial names of different omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in white meat and egg and their shorthandnotation and concentrationsSystematic name Common name Shorthand notation Content (%)White MeatEggOmega-6 Fatty Acidsall-cis-9,12-octadecadienoic Linoleic acid 18:2 n-6 17.5 9.3all-cis-6,9,12-octadecatrienoic γ-Linolenic acid 18:3 n-6 0.7 0.1all-cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid 20:3 n-6 0.9 0.1all-cis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic Arachidonic acid 20:4 n-6 3.2 1.5all-cis-7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoic Adrenic acid 22:4 n-6 0.7 0.1all-cis-7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic Docosapentaenoic acid 22:5 n-6 0.3 0.2Omega-3 Fatty Acidsall-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic -Linolenic acid 18:3 n-3 1.1 0.2all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic Eicosapentaenoic acid 20:5 n-3 0.2 0.0all-cis-7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic Docosapentaenoic acid 22:5 n-3 0.6 0.1all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic Docosahexaenoic acid 22:6 n-3 0.7 0.6Notes: Values are reported as a percentage of fatty acid methyl esters and are subject to variation reflecting bird diet, age or strain.yolk weight was not associated with egg weight. No differencewas found in egg weight, albumen weight, albumenheight, shell weight or shell thickness due to camelina mealfeeding at any level. Minimal effects were noted to yolkcolour due to feeding camelina meal to laying hens.Effect on meat and egg lipid composition offeeding Camelina sativa mealBirds have a high capacity for lipid biosynthesis and mostof the accumulated fat is of dietary origin. Lipids constituteover 30 percent in egg and 10 percent in broiler carcass.Fatty acids are the major components of egg and meatlipids. Among the different fatty acids present in animalproducts, omega-3 fatty acids have received considerableattention in the past decade due to their several healthpromotingeffects (Barceló-Coblijn and Murphy, 2009;Palmquist, 2009). Some of the common omega-6 andomega-3 fatty acids present in chicken meat and egg, theirsystematic and trivial names and concentrations are shownin Table 3. It should be noted that the concentrations offatty acids are highly dependant on the dietary lipid source.Effect on changes in meat fatty acidcomposition of feeding Camelina sativa mealThe use of feeds containing omega-3 fatty acids in poultrydiets provides a straight forward and well-adapted, successfulapproach to fortifying poultry food lipids with health promotingomega-3 fatty acids (Cherian, 2002, 2008). In this respectcamelina meal has attained interest due to its high (>29 percent)-linolenic acid content (Table 1). One of the major goalsof feeding camelina meal to broiler birds is to test its efficacyin enriching meat with -linolenic acid and other long-chainomega-3 fatty acids. Studies in our laboratory investigatedchanges in white (breast) and dark (thigh) meat lipid charac-
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BIOFUEL CO-PRODUCTS AS LIVESTOCK FE
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Recommended citationFAO. 2012. Biof
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vco-products to swine - Feeding cru
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viiCHAPTER 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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ixPrefaceHumans are faced with majo
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xiiCBMCBSCCDSCCKCDOCDSCFCFBCFRCGECI
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10Biofuel co-products as livestock
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35Chapter 3Impact of United States
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Impact of United States biofuels co
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101Chapter 6Hydrogen sulphide: synt
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155Chapter 8Utilization of crude gl
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Utilization of crude glycerin in be
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209Chapter 11Co-products from biofu
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Co-products from biofuel production
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Page 273 and 274: 254Biofuel co-products as livestock
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379Chapter 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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Use of Pongamia glabra (karanj) and
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403Chapter 23Co-products of the Uni
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467Chapter 26An assessment of the p
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An assessment of the potential dema
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483Chapter 27Biofuels: their co-pro
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Biofuels: their co-products and wat
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501Chapter 28Utilization of co-prod
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523Contributing authorsSouheila Abb
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Contributing authors 525for the Fee
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Contributing authors 527Friederike
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Contributing authors 529Sustainable
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Contributing authors 531During the
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Contributing authors 533(Hons.) and
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