Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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Sustainable and competitive use of co-products as feed in the rural bio-ethanol industry 279TABLE 3Production of ethanol from cassava roots and cassava flourin a CLAYUCA RUSBI pilot plantCassavaflourFresh cassavarootsRaw materialCassava refined flour (kg) 120 300Enzymes (Stargen) (kg) 0.600 0.380Yeast (Ethanol red) (kg) 0.400 0.500Urea (kg) 0.300 0.300Water (kg) 400 450Products generatedEthanol 96% v/v (Litre) 44.7 48Vinasse (Litre) 630 801Quantitative analysisYield (L ethanol/t cassava flour) 372.5Yield (L ethanol/t cassava root) 160Yield (L ethanol/ha) (1) 2660 4000Ethanol production efficiency (2) (%) 61 89Ratio of vinasse to ethanol (v/v) 14.1 16.7Notes: (1) Average cassava yield = 25 t/ha. (2) Production/theoreticalconversion.as a by-product of the process. This effluent, known asvinasse, is produced in large volumes and needs to be managedproperly in view of its potential environmental effectsand energy costs parameters. The vinasse has the form of adark organic liquid, with very low pH (3.5 to 4.3), and is theresult of the fermentation of carbohydrates (sugar cane andsweet sorghum juices, cassava and sweet potato slurry) andsubsequent distillation of the fermented mash. The vinassecontains a high percentage of organic matter (organic acidsand dead yeast), minerals (mainly potassium, calcium, magnesiumand sulphur) and non-fermentable constituents ofthe raw material (Patino et al., 2007).On average, for every litre of ethanol obtained, between10 and 15 litre of liquid effluent are generated, dependingon the feedstock used, the time of harvest, the grindingprocess, the fermentation and distillation technology, thesoil type and fertility level, and other parameters (Mutton,Rosetto and Mutton, 2010.). In a CLAYUCA biorefinery, theethanol production from cassava had a ratio of vinasse toethanol equivalent to 14:1 (Del Ré et al., 2010).Vinasse has historically been used as a fertilizer, withBrazil being the pioneer in the development of fertirrigationsystems using sugar cane vinasse. The use of the vinassehas improved sugar cane productivity in Brazil (Penatti,2007) through chemical (Leal et al., 1983), biological(Matiazzo and da Gloria, 1985) and soil physical benefits(Gloria and Orlando Filho, 1983), as well as reduced fertilizationcosts. However, the excessive and continuousapplication of vinasse in agricultural soils can create seriousproblems in terms of cane quality (Silva, Pozzi de Castro andMagro, 1976) and water source contamination (Gloeden etal., 1990).The use of vinasse in fertirrigation takes two generalforms. The first is to use the vinasse directly after leaving itto cool, as the temperature at which the product leaves thedistillation process is above 70 °C. After cooling, and withthe addition of minerals (N, P), the vinasse is used to directlyirrigate the fields.The second method is to reduce the water content tofacilitate its incorporation or mixing with other raw materials.This can be accomplished by physical processes, suchas sedimentation in ponds (this can take between 48 and72 hours). Alternatively, chemicals can be added, such aspolymers that accelerate the process of flocculation andcoagulation, precipitating the solids in the vinasse morerapidly. The polymers are diluted to 1 part per thousand andadded to the vinasse, which results in a rapid clarificationresponse (Orts et al., 2007).In addition to use as fertilizer, the vinasse can also beconcentrated by evaporation or drying and used in thepreparation of animal feed products (Albers, 2007) or inthe production of fertilizers (Barbosa et al., 2006). However,this alternative has limitations due to the high energy costof the concentration process. An alternative use of thevinasse is the production of biogas (methane) throughanaerobic fermentation by methanogenic bacteria, whichalso reduces the environmental impact of the vinasse byreducing its biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemicaloxygen demand (COD) (Peres, 2007; Zhang et al., 2010).The vinasse has also been used for single-cell protein productionin aerobic fermentation systems (Murakami et al.,1993; Diaz, Maria Gualtieri and Semprun, 2003; Cazettaand Celligoi, 2006). Another alternative for the managementof the vinasse is the production of compost for use asfertilizer. This latest technology, despite its potential as anenvironmentally friendly process, requires high investmentsin area, capital and time for its operation.TRANSFORMATION OF CO-PRODUCTS,BY-PRODUCTS AND EFFLUENTS INTONUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS FOR ANIMALFEEDINGIn bio-ethanol production with the RUSBI approach, vinassetreatment is done using electrically charged chemicalsknown as biopolymers, which are made from starch andhave been used to ensure the slow release of mineralscontained in fertilizers, to reduce erosion, to increase thepenetration of water in the soil and to produce fertilizercoatedseeds. When the biopolymers are introduced intosolutions that have basic pH and with high loads of ionicsolids, flocculation and coagulation of the organic loadoccurs. Once the organic matter contained in the vinasseis flocculated, coagulated and removed, the clarified watercan be used for other purposes in the biorefinery (irrigation,washing, cleaning, etc.). Figures 3 and 4 present the
280Biofuel co-products as livestock feed – Opportunities and challengesFIGURE 3Process for management of vinasse in the RUSBI approach500 ml Cassava VinasseStirring 2 minutes at 100 rpmAdd NaOHpH correction (6-7)Stirring 2 minutes at 150 rpmPreparation of mother solution withpolymer 1 (5%)Add polymer 1 (flocculant effect)22 mlPreparation of mother solution withpolymer 2 (0.1%)Add polymer 2 (Coagulant effect)Stirring 2 minutes at 150 rpmClarified slugdeClarified vinasseFIGURE 4Scheme of the steps followed in the RUSBI approach to convert vinasse into clarified vinasse and clarified sludgeVinasseAdd polymerFlocculactionClarifiedslurryRemainingliquidFlocculatedsolids
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BIOFUEL CO-PRODUCTS AS LIVESTOCK FE
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Recommended citationFAO. 2012. Biof
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vco-products to swine - Feeding cru
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viiCHAPTER 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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ixPrefaceHumans are faced with majo
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xiiCBMCBSCCDSCCKCDOCDSCFCFBCFRCGECI
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xivHCHOHClHCNHisH-JPKMHMCHPDDGHPDDG
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xviPPbPCVPDPEMPFADPhePJPKCPKEPKMPKO
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xviiiWBPWCGFWDGWDGSWDGSHWPCWTWWWNSK
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2Biofuel co-products as livestock f
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10Biofuel co-products as livestock
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35Chapter 3Impact of United States
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Impact of United States biofuels co
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101Chapter 6Hydrogen sulphide: synt
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Hydrogen sulphide in cattle fed co-
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155Chapter 8Utilization of crude gl
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Utilization of crude glycerin in be
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209Chapter 11Co-products from biofu
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Co-products from biofuel production
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351Chapter 21Use of detoxified jatr
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Use of detoxified jatropha kernel m
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379Chapter 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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Use of Pongamia glabra (karanj) and
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403Chapter 23Co-products of the Uni
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Co-products of the United States bi
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467Chapter 26An assessment of the p
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An assessment of the potential dema
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483Chapter 27Biofuels: their co-pro
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Biofuels: their co-products and wat
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501Chapter 28Utilization of co-prod
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523Contributing authorsSouheila Abb
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Contributing authors 525for the Fee
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Contributing authors 527Friederike
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Contributing authors 529Sustainable
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Contributing authors 531During the
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Contributing authors 533(Hons.) and
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Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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