Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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Use of detoxified jatropha kernel meal and protein isolate in diets of farm animals 353TABLE 1Typical composition of commonly used animal feed ingredientsIngredientProximate composition(g/kg DM except Gross energy)Essential Amino Acida (g/kg DM)DM CP Total lipid Ash GE Arginine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine ValineFishmeal (1) 917 770 68 142 21.3 43 25 28 55 46 21 29 32 34Fishmeal (2) 920 720 84 104 21.6 38 19 25 46 43 18 23 26 32SE soybean meal 909 518 47 69 19.6 42 14 23 44 28 9 27 24 24SE canola meal 962 431 22 86 19.6 32 26 3 25 41 30 27 16 78EX canola meal 898 381 136 66 23.1 39 28 3 28 46 37 29 18 66Yellow lupin (3) 903 547 87 44 20.9 61 15 20 45 23 4 21 20 19NL lupin 885 415 53 33 20.4 47 10 15 29 14 3 16 16 14Groundnut meal 928 481 13 58 20.3 67 16 19 32 20 5 29 14 20Sunflower meal 930 422 29 76 20.7 36 11 17 26 12 7 20 13 23Maize gluten meal 900 602 18 21 21.1 19 13 25 102 10 14 38 21 28Cotton seed meal 900 414 18 64 20.6 45 12 13 25 17 7 22 14 18Pea meal 928 252 13 38 16.4 19 11 14 41 27 6 19 17 14Rapeseed meal 900 385 39 67 20.8 21 11 14 24 20 8 16 15 17Wheat gluten 937 856 13 9 21.1 43 21 43 69 16 17 49 24 43Wheat meal 941 145 16 14 18.7 6 3 4 9 3 7 2 4 5DJKM 945 665 11 137 18.3 70 22 27 47 23 11 30 22 32PPC 910 738 15 20 20.9 38 17 71 76 58 17 49 43 49JPI 945 808 97 10 21.3 86 24 34 56 19 39 12 26 59LPC 942 690 93 31 22.2 78 15 27 51 25 5 28 23 23SPC 939 590 54 79 20.3 45 15 26 48 28 9 30 25 27SPI 957 922 10 38 22.0 69 24 36 68 52 43 12 31 37Notes: (1) Chilean anchovetta meal; (2) Herring; (3) Lupinus luteus (cv. Wodjil) kernel meal. DM = dry matter; CP = Crude Protein; GE = Gross energy expressed as MJ/kg; NL = Narrow-leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) (mixedcultivars) kernel meal; LPC = Lupinus angustifolius (mixed cultivars) protein concentrate. SE = solvent extracted; EX = expeller; DJKM = detoxified jatropha kernel meal; SPC = soybean protein concentrate; SPI = soy proteinisolate; JPI = jatropha protein isolate; PPC = potato protein concentrate.Sources: Miller and Young, 1977; Nwokolo, 1987; NRC, 1983, 1998; Glencross, Booth and Allan, 2007; Makkar, Francis and Becker, 2008; Makkar and Becker, 2009a.
354Biofuel co-products as livestock feed – Opportunities and challengesTABLE 2Common and vernacular names of Jatropha curcasABLanguage or countryCommon nameAngolaArabicBrazilChineseCosta RicaCôte d’IvoireDutchEnglishFrenchGermanGuatemalaHindi (India)IndonesiaItalianMexicoNepalNigeriaPeruPhilippinesPortuguesePuerto RicoSanskritSenegalTanzaniaThailandTogoMupulukaDand barrî, habel melukMundubi-assuYu-lu-tzuCoquillo, templateBaganiPurgeernootPhysic nut, purging nut, pulzaPourghère, pignon d’IndePurgiernuß, BrechnußPinónRatanjyot, bagbherenda, jangli arandi,safed arand, bagarandaJarak budegFagiola d’IndiaPiñoncilloKadamButujePiñolTúbang-bákod, tuba-tubaTurgueiraTártagoKanananaeranda, parvatarandaTabananiMakaenSabudamKpotiSources: Schultze-Motel, 1986; Münch, 1986; Divakara et al., 2010;Mabberley, 1987.a result of its oil (as a source of biofuel) and associatedco-product utilization (Makkar and Becker, 2009a, b). Anon-toxic genotype of J. curcas has also been recorded,which is found only in Mexico (Makkar and Becker, 2009a).Jatropha curcas (toxic genotype) is found in parts of tropicalAmerica (central and southern regions) and many tropicaland subtropical regions of Africa and Asia. It is believedthat Jatropha species were introduced into other regionsfrom the Caribbean, where it was used during the Mayanperiod (Schmook and Seralta-Peraza, 1997; Gaur, 2009),by sailors on Portuguese ships travelling via the CapeVerde islands and Guinea Bissau (Heller, 1996). The nameJatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae) was first given by Linnaeus(Linnaeus, 1753). The genus name Jatropha derives fromthe Greek words jatr´os (doctor) and troph´e (food), whichimplies its medicinal uses. Table 2 presents some vernacularnames of J. curcas. J. curcas is monoecious, flowers areunisexual but occasionally hermaphrodite flowers occur,each inflorescence yielding a bunch of approximately 10or more ovoid fruits (Dehgan and Webster, 1979; Kumarand Sharma, 2008). The young J. curcas plant with bothflowers and developing seed pods is shown in Photo 1A.Photo 1B shows the J. curcas inflorescence containing bothmale staminate flowers and female pistillate flowers. Theseeds of J. curcas form within seed pods. Each seed podCDtypically contains three seeds (Photo 1C) (King et al., 2009).The seeds mature 3–4 months after flowering. Matureseeds of J. curcas are presented in Photo 1D. The plantcan be easily propagated from seeds or cuttings. It growsunder a wide range of rainfall regimes, from 250 to over1200 mm per annum (Katwal and Soni, 2003; Kumar andSharma, 2008). The trees are deciduous, shedding theirleaves in the dry season. One major trait associated withthe plant is its hardiness and sustainability in warm andarid climates. It prefers well-drained alkaline soil (pH 6–9)(Kumar and Sharma, 2008). It is a small perennial tree orlarge shrub, which normally reaches a height of 3–5 m,but can attain 8–10 m under favourable conditions (Gaur,2009). Seed yields of 5–8 tonne/ha have been reported(Gübitz, Mittelbach and Trabi, 1999).A new, non-toxic, species of Jatropha, Jatrophaplatyphylla, has been identified (Makkar et al., 2011).J. platyphylla (locally called ‘sangregrado’ in Mexico) isa drought-resistant shrub or tree, 2–5 m high, almostglaborous. The species is restricted to warm areas (averagetemperature 20–29 °C) on the Pacific coast from Sinaloa toMichoacán, including Nayarit and Jalisco states in Mexico,and is usually found in and around deciduous forests.It has thick succulent branches, large peltate glaborousleaves (25–35 cm) on long petioles, and white urceolateflowers that are held on a long and branched florescence(Dehgan, 1982). The kernel (white potion after removalof shells) contains about 50–60 percent oil, which can beused as edible oil or can be converted into biodiesel of highquality (Makkar et al., 2011). The kernel meal obtainedFM10mmPhoto 1Images of Jatropha curcasNotes: (A) Young J. curcas plant with both flowers and developing seedpods. (B) J. curcas inflorescence containing both male staminate flowers (M)and female pistillate flowers (F). (C) Cross-section of a J. curcas seed podcontaining three developing seeds. (D) Mature seeds of J. curcas.Source: King et al., 2009.
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BIOFUEL CO-PRODUCTS AS LIVESTOCK FE
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Recommended citationFAO. 2012. Biof
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vco-products to swine - Feeding cru
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viiCHAPTER 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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ixPrefaceHumans are faced with majo
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xiiCBMCBSCCDSCCKCDOCDSCFCFBCFRCGECI
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xivHCHOHClHCNHisH-JPKMHMCHPDDGHPDDG
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xviPPbPCVPDPEMPFADPhePJPKCPKEPKMPKO
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xviiiWBPWCGFWDGWDGSWDGSHWPCWTWWWNSK
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2Biofuel co-products as livestock f
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10Biofuel co-products as livestock
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35Chapter 3Impact of United States
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Impact of United States biofuels co
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101Chapter 6Hydrogen sulphide: synt
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Hydrogen sulphide in cattle fed co-
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155Chapter 8Utilization of crude gl
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Utilization of crude glycerin in be
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209Chapter 11Co-products from biofu
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Co-products from biofuel production
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275Chapter 15Sustainable and compet
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Sustainable and competitive use of
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291Chapter 16Scope for utilizing su
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Scope for utilizing sugar cane baga
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Co-products of the United States bi
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467Chapter 26An assessment of the p
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An assessment of the potential dema
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483Chapter 27Biofuels: their co-pro
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Biofuels: their co-products and wat
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501Chapter 28Utilization of co-prod
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523Contributing authorsSouheila Abb
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Contributing authors 525for the Fee
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Contributing authors 527Friederike
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Contributing authors 529Sustainable
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Contributing authors 531During the
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Contributing authors 533(Hons.) and
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Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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