Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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Feeding biofuels co-products to pigs 179TABLE 2Composition of co-products from the maize wet-milling industry (as-fed basis)Parameter Maize germ meal Maize gluten meal Maize gluten feed GlutenolCrude protein, % 21.07 60.66 21.5 45.0Calcium, % 0.03 – 0.22 –Phosphorus, % 0.58 0.58 0.83 –Crude fat, % 2.12 1.23 3.0 3.3Crude fibre, % 9.53 1.32 – 3.8Starch, % 13.63 10.14 – 1.5Neutral-detergent fibre, % 54.41 11.21 33.3 –Acid-detergent fibre, % 11.13 6.93 10.7 –Total dietary fibre, % 42.57 8.45 – –Ash 2.41 3.65 – 4.0Indispensable amino acids, %Arginine 1.49 2.18 1.04 –Histidine 0.64 1.29 0.67 –Isoleucine 0.75 2.59 0.66 –Leucine 1.70 9.76 1.96 –Lysine 1.04 1.27 0.63 –Methionine 0.37 1.29 0.35 –Phenylalanine 0.91 3.79 0.76 –Threonine 0.78 1.94 0.74 –Tryptophan 0.18 0.22 0.07 –Valine 1.22 2.91 1.01 –Dispensable amino acids, %Cysteine 0.33 0.99 0.46 –Notes: Based on data from NRC, 1998; Shurson and Alghamdi, 2008; and unpublished data from University of Minnesota.tent of DDGS sources is increasing (6 to 14 percent on a DMbasis) compared with the typical range in crude fat contentin DDGS only a few years ago (9 to 13 percent on a DMbasis). However, depending upon the extraction equipmentand methodology, crude fat levels in DDGS can be as lowas 5 percent on a DM basis. Unfortunately, the effects ofoil extraction on digestible, metabolizable and net energycontent of DDGS for livestock and poultry are not known,but research is being conducted to obtain this information.This information will be essential for establishing price andvalue differentials among DDGS sources relative to crudefat content, as well as for accurate diet formulations usingreduced-oil co-products.If oil is extracted from the DDGS, a de-oiled DDGS isproduced (Jacela et al., 2007). De-oiled DDGS contains 2 to4 percent oil, and therefore also contains less energy thanconventional DDGS (Jacela et al., 2007; Table 1). However,most of the dry-grind ethanol plants are extracting oil fromthe condensed solubles fraction, resulting in a semi-deoiledDDGS containing approximately 7 percent oil. If fibreis removed from the DDGS after production, a co-productcalled enhanced DDGS is produced (Soares et al., 2008).This co-product contains approximately 10 percent lessnon-starch polysaccharides than conventional DDGS.WET-MILLING CO-PRODUCTSAlthough the majority of ethanol produced in the UnitedStates is from dry-grind ethanol plants, some plants usewet-milling technology. The major co-products producedfrom wet milling include maize germ meal, maize glutenmeal and maize gluten feed (Table 2). The majority of theseco-products are marketed to the ruminant feed industry,but they are also potential feed ingredients for swine. Anew wet-milling technology that fractionates maize priorto fermentation has resulted in the production of a productcalled Glutenol (Shurson and Alghamdi, 2008). Thisproduct is equivalent to the HPDDGS produced from thedry-grind process after fermentation of de-hulled and degermedmaize, but contains slightly more protein and lessfibre than HPDDGS.Liquid co-products from the fuel ethanolindustryTwo liquid co-products from the fuel ethanol industry –maize condensed distillers solubles (CDS) and maize steepwater – may be fed to pigs (de Lange et al., 2006). MaizeCDS is a co-product from dry-grind fuel ethanol production,whereas maize steep water is a co-product produced fromwet milling. Steep water contains approximately 50 percentCP and 3.3 percent P (DM basis), but only 0.5 percent oil(Table 3), whereas CDS contains 18.9 percent oil, but only22.3 percent CP and 1.43 percent P (DM basis).Co-products from the bio-diesel industryBiodiesel is produced by a variety of esterification technologies,using new or used vegetable oils and animal fats as
180Biofuel co-products as livestock feed – Opportunities and challengesTABLE 3Composition of maize condensed distillers solubles (CDS)and maize steep water (dry matter basis)Item Maize CDS Maize steep waterN 5 3Dry matter, % 30.5 45Crude protein, % 22.3 50Crude fat, % 18.9 0.5Ash, % 8.4 18.0Ca, % 0.04 –P, % 1.43 3.3Na, % 0.21 –K, % – 5.0pH 3.7 4.3Acetic acid, % 0.11 –Propionic acid, % 0.63 –Butyric acid, % 0.01 –Lactic acid, %1 9.8 20.0Total non-starch6.1 –polysaccharides, %Starch, % 9.9 –Total sugars, % 3.5 –Notes: N = number of trials reported. Source: Based on data from Braunand de Lange, 2004; Niven et al., 2006.the initial feedstock. In general, oils and fats are filteredand pre-processed to remove water and contaminants, followedby mixing with an alcohol (usually methanol) and acatalyst (sodium or potassium methylate). This causes theoil molecules (triglycerides) to be broken apart into methylesters and glycerin, which are then separated from eachother and purified (NBB, 2011). Biodiesel is the name givento these esters when they are intended for use as fuel. Thebiodiesel industry can use any fat or oil feedstock, includingrecycled cooking grease and algae oil, but historically theprimary feedstock source has been soybean oil. However,current prices of soybean oil have accelerated the industry’sinterest in utilization of alternative oil or fat sources for theirinitial feedstock.NUTRIENT AND ENERGY COMPOSITION ANDDIGESTIBILITY IN DISTILLERS GRAINCO-PRODUCTSConcentration and digestibility ofcarbohydratesMost cereal grains contain between 60 and 70 percentstarch, which is easily digested by pigs and absorbed in theform of glucose. However, production of alcohol from grainrequires that the grain is fermented, and most of the starchin the grain is converted to alcohol during this process. Alldistillers co-products therefore have a low concentration ofstarch, whereas the concentration of most other nutrientsis increased compared with their content in the originalgrain (Tables 1 and 2). Therefore, the concentrations ofcarbohydrates in distillers co-products are lower than incereal grains and most of the carbohydrates are non-starchpolysaccharides (fibre). The concentration of the differentfibre fractions (neutral-detergent fibre - NDF, acid-detergentfibre - ADF, and total dietary fibre - TDF) is approximatelythree times greater in DDGS and DDG than in maize, buthigh-protein dried distillers grain (HPDDG), high-proteindried distillers grain with solubles (HPDDGS) and glutenolcontain less fibre than DDG and DDGS because the maizewas de-hulled before fermentation. The digestibility offibre in DDGS and in DDG is less than 20 percent in thesmall intestine and less than 50 percent over the entiregastro-intestinal tract (Urriola, Shurson and Stein, 2010).Therefore, the fibre fraction contributes relatively little tothe energy value of these products (Urriola, Shurson andStein, 2010). It is expected that the digestibility of fibre inother distillers co-products is equally low, but fibre digestibilityhas not yet been reported for these co-products.The low digestibility of fibre in distillers co-productsresults in increased quantities of manure being excreted frompigs fed these ingredients because the overall DM digestibilityof diets containing distillers co-products is lower thanin maize-based diets (Pedersen, Boersma and Stein, 2007a).Currently, much effort is directed towards developing feedadditives such as enzymes or yeast products that can improvethe digestibility of fibre in distillers co-products. If the digestibilityof fibre in distillers co-products is improved, the energyvalue of these products will also improve.Digestibility of amino acidsThe digestibility of most amino acids in maize DDGS(Table 4) is approximately 10 percentage units lower thanin maize (Fastinger and Mahan, 2006; Stein et al., 2006;Pahm et al., 2008). The lower digestibility of amino acidsin maize DDGS compared with maize, may be a result ofthe greater concentration of fibre in DDGS than in maize,because dietary fibre reduces amino acid digestibility.Another reason for the variability and reduced digestibilityof amino acids among maize DDGS sources compared withmaize, is due to differences in production technologies anddrying temperatures and duration among plants producingmaize DDGS (Pahm et al., 2008). Excessive heating duringthe drying process has been shown to result in the productionof Maillard products, which reduce amino acid digestibility,particularly lysine (Urriola et al., 2009). However,variability in digestibility of amino acids does not appear tobe related to the region within the United States where theDDGS is produced (Pahm et al., 2008).The variability in the concentration and digestibilityof lysine in maize DDGS is greater than the variabilityin digestibility of most other amino acids. Urriola et al.(2009) determined amino acid digestibility of 8 maizeDDGS sources and showed that lysine standardized ilealdigestibility (SID) ranged from 55.7 to 68.7 percent, andtryptophan digestibility ranged from 56.2 to 72.0 percent,
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BIOFUEL CO-PRODUCTS AS LIVESTOCK FE
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Recommended citationFAO. 2012. Biof
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vco-products to swine - Feeding cru
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viiCHAPTER 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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ixPrefaceHumans are faced with majo
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xiiCBMCBSCCDSCCKCDOCDSCFCFBCFRCGECI
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xivHCHOHClHCNHisH-JPKMHMCHPDDGHPDDG
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xviPPbPCVPDPEMPFADPhePJPKCPKEPKMPKO
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xviiiWBPWCGFWDGWDGSWDGSHWPCWTWWWNSK
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2Biofuel co-products as livestock f
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10Biofuel co-products as livestock
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35Chapter 3Impact of United States
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Impact of United States biofuels co
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101Chapter 6Hydrogen sulphide: synt
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Hydrogen sulphide in cattle fed co-
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275Chapter 15Sustainable and compet
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Sustainable and competitive use of
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291Chapter 16Scope for utilizing su
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Scope for utilizing sugar cane baga
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303Chapter 17Camelina sativa in pou
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Camelina sativa in poultry diets: o
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311Chapter 18Utilization of lipid c
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Utilization of lipid co-products of
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351Chapter 21Use of detoxified jatr
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Use of detoxified jatropha kernel m
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379Chapter 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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Use of Pongamia glabra (karanj) and
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403Chapter 23Co-products of the Uni
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Co-products of the United States bi
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467Chapter 26An assessment of the p
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An assessment of the potential dema
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483Chapter 27Biofuels: their co-pro
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Biofuels: their co-products and wat
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501Chapter 28Utilization of co-prod
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Utilization of co-products of the b
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523Contributing authorsSouheila Abb
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Contributing authors 525for the Fee
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Contributing authors 527Friederike
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Contributing authors 529Sustainable
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Contributing authors 531During the
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Contributing authors 533(Hons.) and
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