Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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Utilizing co-products of the sweet sorghum-based biofuel industry as livestock feed in decentralized systems 239 Nutrient digestibility and nutritive value of sweet sorghumbagasse in graded Murrah buffalo bulls and Deccani ramsNutrient componentDigestibility (%)Buffalo bulls Deccani rams Notes Source et al., 201020 kg within the first 15 days. Farmers appreciated thatfresh sweet sorghum bagasse and leaf residue was wellaccepted by the buffaloes, but pointed out that choppingwould have further improved the intake and reduced therefusal of thick stalk pieces. Interestingly, farmers observedthat the milk of the fresh BLR fed animals was creamierthan those on the previous grass diet due to increased fatcontent (Kumar et al., 2010).Other usesSweet sorghum bagasse, other than for animal feed, canbe used as raw material for a range of purposes, includingbiofertilizer production, paper making and co-generation.One of the options for bagasse utilization is as organicsoil amendment. However, the direct incorporation intothe soil of raw wastes such as the bagasse is not usuallysuitable because they may cause undesirable effects, suchas phytotoxicity and soil nitrogen immobilization. It is wellknown that composting is one of the most suitable waysof transforming wastes into more stable products that aresafe and beneficial to plant growth. The finished composthas a low C/N ratio of 13, compared to 90 in the originalsubstrate bagasse, and also has improved levels of macroandmicro-nutrients (Negro et al., 1999).For the paper industry, cereal straw and sugar canebagasse are two abundant raw materials in addition towood from the forest. However, these raw materials are inshort supply due to restrictions on cutting trees in the forest,electricity generation from bagasse and residues, and residueuse as livestock feed. Hence, sweet sorghum bagassewas assessed for its suitability for paper making (Belayachiand Delmas, 1997). The quality of the pulp obtained fromsweet sorghum bagasse is excellent for the paper industry.The pulp exhibits a degree of cohesion higher than 80 percent;a low kappa number, indicating good delignification;a high degree of polymerization; and exceptional physicomechanicalproperties, meeting the requirements of thepaper industry, and is expected to be the best alternative tosugar cane bagasse and cereal residues.Co-generation is the simultaneous production of electricityand process heat from a single dynamic plant.Globally, biomass-based co-generation has been widelyapplied in forest industries and agro-industries such assugar factories, rice mills and palm oil factories. The30 KLPD Tata Chemicals Limited (TCL) plant at Nanded,Maharashtra, India, has a 2 MW per hour power generationcapacity using bagasse, thus making it self-sufficientin energy.Sweet sorghum bagasse, with a bulk density of70–90 kg/m 3 and ash levels of 4–5 percent, is highly suitablefor gasification (Rajavanshi and Nimbkar, 2005).UTILIZATION OF FOAM, VINASSE AND STEAMLiterature is scanty in these areas. The foam, froth andvinasse that is taken out during concentration of juice tosyrup is rich in nutrients and can be used in compostingof bagasse as well as directly as organic fertilizer. Vinasseneeds to be subjected to nutrient analysis. Similarly thesteam generated while boiling can be captured and usedas a source of heat. This heat can be channelled to warmwater when the DCU is aiming for more juice extractionefficiency. Alternatively, it can be used for pre-heating ofthe juice before boiling.ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF BAGASSE FORTHE SWEET SORGHUM VALUE CHAIN IN THEDECENTRALIZED SYSTEMThe current rate of conversion of a tonne of sweet sorghumstalk to juice is 26.9 percent (269 litres) with 700 kgavailable as wet bagasse. After drying, about 30 percent(210 kg) of that wet bagasse (700 kg) is available as fuelor as fodder for livestock. In DCUs, about 45 percent ofthe dry bagasse (95 kg) is utilized as fuel (heating thepans) for converting juice to syrup, and the remaining55 percent (115 kg) of the bagasse can be used or soldas fodder for livestock. During the early phases of DCUdevelopment, bagasse was sold direct to fodder traderswith no value addition, and at a low price. However, duringsubsequent seasons, based on feedback from traders, driedbagasse of sweet sorghum was chopped to realize a highervalue. Accordingly, efforts were made toward choppingsweet sorghum bagasse, doubling returns to Rs. 1/kg(US$ 0.0022) for chopped sweet sorghum bagasse. Thisvalue addition through change in physical form of thebagasse increases the overall income from sweet sorghumin the ethanol value chain under the decentralized system.Additionally, sweet sorghum bagasse sold as fodder inthe region of sorghum-based crop-livestock systems alsohelps in meeting the fodder requirements for the growingpopulation of milch animals.
240Biofuel co-products as livestock feed – Opportunities and challengesReduction in cost of syrup production from saleof bagasseThe sale of chopped bagasse as fodder reduces the overallcost of processing syrup for ethanol production. The valuerealized for 115.5 kg of bagasse that is left over after use asfuel for the pans will be Rs. 115.5 (US$ 2.6) at current rateof Rs. 1/kg of fodder (costs of chopping not accounted for).Hence, the cost of processing a tonne of stalk, which is currentlyRs. 1231 (US$ 28) (for both raw material and processing),will reduce by Rs. 115.5 (1231 115.5 = 1115.5) andthus the unit cost of syrup production, which was Rs. 25.65(US$ 0.58) will reduce to Rs. 23.23 (US$ 0.53), a reductionof Rs. 2.40/kg (US$ 0.05) or 9 percent decline in cost. Sincethere is further scope for value addition from bagasse soldfor fodder (pellets), higher returns can be realized by sellinga better product and thus further reducing syrup cost.KNOWLEDGE GAPS AND FUTURE RESEARCHNEEDSThe commercial viability of the decentralized model ofthe sweet sorghum value chain depends on the efficientutilization of co-products in addition to the efficiency ofoperation and price of the main product, i.e. syrup. Thefollowing gaps have been identified based on several yearsof operation of DCUs in India: At present, there is a very limited period of operation ofthe crushing unit (less than 20–25 days) as the cultivarmaturity window is not large. Research should aim atdeveloping sweet sorghum genotypes with adaptabilityacross seasons and months of the year. DCUs are being operated only for the rainy season crop(June–September). The post-rainy and summer seasoncrops require an assured irrigation source, therebyincreasing the cost of cultivation. Currently there areno suitable sweet sorghum cultivars adapted to postrainyseason conditions. The lower temperatures andshorter day lengths of this season hinder both biomassproduction and sugar accumulation in the tropical sweetsorghums, which are thermosensitive. The majority of the existing sweet sorghum cultivars arenot multi-purpose, so do not meet the varying needs ofthe local agricultural systems. For example, high IVOMD,along with high sugar and biomass yield, are preferablefor ensiling to meet livestock feed requirement. Inareas where bio-composting is common, biomass witha high C:N ratio is not preferred. Research on hay-typesorghum species suggests that between 1950 and 2000stem and leaf crude protein decreased and leaf NDFincreased due to over emphasis on biomass quantityrather quality (Bolsen et al., 2003). Juice extraction efficiency and syrup conversion efficiencyare low. A scenario analysis conducted at ICRISATshowed that improving these even by 5 percent hassignificant bearing on the economics of the whole valuechain. As syrup is the main product of a DCU, its quality parametersneed to be improved to meet the requirementsof diverse end users (such as suitability for use in food,beverage and pharmaceutical industries). Research alsoneeds to focus on improving organoleptic characteristics. Commercial dairies are increasingly using the freshbagasse, after chopping, to feed cattle. Education andtraining is needed for farmers to raise awareness of themultiple uses of bagasse, such as for feed block making,ensiling or bio-composting. Little or no information is available on the utilization ofco-products like vinasse, steam, foam and froth. Henceresearch efforts are needed in using steam for heating orboiling the juice, and in exploring the use of nutrient-richvinasse, foam and froth as livestock feed and biofertilizers. Capacity building of staff at every step – not only syrupproduction, but also co-product utilization – would goa long way toward improving the operational efficiencyand economic viability of DCUs. The varied products and co-products of the DCU needto be positioned to exploit locally existing market opportunities,i.e. an inclusive market-oriented development(IMOD) approach, as this brings the DCU closer to therural farming communities. There are no studies on life cycle assessment (LCA) ofDCUs with reference to carbon and energy balances.Such assessment studies would help all the stakeholdersto understand the real value of this novel system, asidefrom economic viability analysis.CONCLUSIONSThe potential uses of co-products from sweet sorghumDCUs for livestock feeding are unequivocally established.Considering the available genetic variability for foddertraits and ensiling parameters of sweet sorghum, the novelDCU system offers unforeseen opportunities, not only formeeting livestock feed demand of poor farmers, but alsofor offering an environmentally sound agro-enterprise thathas tremendous implications for organic recycling relatedto carbon sequestration, GHG emissions and ecological balance.However, challenges remain pertaining to economicviability and marketability of the products and co-productsof DCUs, requiring better linkages of poor and marginalfarmers with emerging markets. These challenges must beaddressed as a priority if there is to be greater involvementof rural agrarian communities in sweet sorghum cultivation.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors highly appreciate the financial support fromthe National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP), ICAR,
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BIOFUEL CO-PRODUCTS AS LIVESTOCK FE
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Recommended citationFAO. 2012. Biof
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vco-products to swine - Feeding cru
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viiCHAPTER 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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ixPrefaceHumans are faced with majo
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xiiCBMCBSCCDSCCKCDOCDSCFCFBCFRCGECI
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xivHCHOHClHCNHisH-JPKMHMCHPDDGHPDDG
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xviPPbPCVPDPEMPFADPhePJPKCPKEPKMPKO
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xviiiWBPWCGFWDGWDGSWDGSHWPCWTWWWNSK
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2Biofuel co-products as livestock f
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10Biofuel co-products as livestock
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35Chapter 3Impact of United States
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Impact of United States biofuels co
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101Chapter 6Hydrogen sulphide: synt
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Hydrogen sulphide in cattle fed co-
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155Chapter 8Utilization of crude gl
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Utilization of crude glycerin in be
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Sustainable and competitive use of
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291Chapter 16Scope for utilizing su
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Scope for utilizing sugar cane baga
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303Chapter 17Camelina sativa in pou
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Camelina sativa in poultry diets: o
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311Chapter 18Utilization of lipid c
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Utilization of lipid co-products of
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351Chapter 21Use of detoxified jatr
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Use of detoxified jatropha kernel m
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379Chapter 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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Use of Pongamia glabra (karanj) and
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403Chapter 23Co-products of the Uni
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Co-products of the United States bi
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467Chapter 26An assessment of the p
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An assessment of the potential dema
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483Chapter 27Biofuels: their co-pro
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Biofuels: their co-products and wat
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501Chapter 28Utilization of co-prod
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Utilization of co-products of the b
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523Contributing authorsSouheila Abb
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Contributing authors 525for the Fee
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Contributing authors 527Friederike
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Contributing authors 529Sustainable
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Contributing authors 531During the
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Contributing authors 533(Hons.) and
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