Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Potential and constraints in utilizing co-products of the non-edible oils-based biodiesel industry – an overview 327(Ibiyemi et al., 2002). Seeds, leaves, fruits and roots areused in traditional medicine as a purgative, as an emeticand for intermittent fever treatment (Gata-Gonçaves et al.,2003). However, latterly it has been regarded as a potentialsource of biologically active compounds, including insecticides(Reed, Freedman and Ladd, 1982), rodenticides (Oji etal., 1994; Oji and Okafor, 2000), fungicides (Gata-Gonçaveset al., 2003) and bactericides (Saxena and Jain, 1990; Obasiand Igboechi, 1991).Polanga (Calophyllum inophyllum L.)Commonly called Alexandrian laurel, Calophyllum inophyllumis a tree found mainly in the tropics. It grows on rockyand sandy seashores, requires moderate temperatures andan annual rainfall ranging from 750 to 5000 mm. It isplanted up to 1200 m altitude (Louppe, Oteng-Amoakoand Brink, 2008). A mature tree may yield 50 kg of dryfruits (45 percent kernel). According to Ajayi et al. (2008),the seed contains 49.2 percent oil, an oil that has longbeen used for lighting in India and across the Pacific. Thepurified oil is used in cosmetics and also to treat glandularswellings in the neck and jaws (Louppe, Oteng-Amoakoand Brink, 2008).Nahar (Mesua ferrea L.)Mesua ferrea is an evergreen tree growing naturally inthe sub-canopy of moist tropical and sub tropical forestsin India. It grows at 100 to 1000 m altitude, but does notcoppice well (Khan et al., 1999).It is used as firewood. The tree yields a timber usedfor heavy construction. The flowers are used in dyeing.In traditional medicine, the flowers are used to terminatepregnancy. The kernels and the seed oil are used for dressingwounds (Orwa et al., 2009).Neem (Azadirachta indica A.Juss.)Commonly known as neem, Azadirachta indica is one ofthe most important native trees of India. It grows alsoin South and South East Asia and other tropical regions.Neem survives at annual average temperatures rangingbetween 21 and 32 °C with an annual rainfall between120 and 1120 mm. It is usually found on plains and lowlyinghilly areas, and altitudes between 700 and 800 m.Its resistance to drought and its ability to grow in poorsoils leads to its incorporation in forestation programmes(Yakkundi, 1997; Uko et al., 2006). All the tree parts (roots,trunk, bark, leaves and fruits) have been used in industryand folk medicine. Neem oil is considered as non-ediblebecause it is rich in sulphur compounds (acyclic di-, tri- andtetra-sulphides with di-n-propyl disulphide being the majorcomponent). These sulphur compounds and limonoids(tetra nor tri terpenoids) give the oil seed cake a bitter taste(Yakkundi, 1997).Karanj (Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre)Karanj, as it is commonly called, is native to the Asian subcontinent,is found naturally along coasts and riverbanks asit is tolerant of water-logging, and both saline and alkalinesoils. It can withstand harsh climates and is suitable fordegraded lands (Wani and Sreedevi, 2011). The seeds yieldnon-edible karanj oil, which has medicinal properties (Waniand Sreedevi, 2011).Croton (Croton tiglium L.)Croton is native to tropical Asia. It grows in sub tropicalhumid to tropical dry conditions up to an altitude of1500 m, with an annual rainfall from 700 to 4300 mm,temperatures from 21.0 to 27.5 °C and a soil pH from 4.5to 7.5 (Duke, 1983).Croton oil is a very strong laxative and is highly toxicwhen used as such. The oil has also been used in preparationsas a counter irritant on the skin (Alexander et al.,2008a), although other studies resulted in the oil beingdeemed unsafe for either use due to its carcinogenic activity(Hecker, 1968) and the presence of phorbol esters, knownfor their tumour promoting activity (Goel et al., 2007).CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CO-PRODUCTSOF THE NON-EDIBLE OIL-BASED BIODIESELINDUSTRYOil cakes or oil meals are solid residues obtained afteroil extraction from the seeds. Their composition variesdepending on plant species, growing conditions andextraction methods used (Kolesárová et al., 2011). Theoil cake is the co-product obtained after oil extractionby mechanical pressing and usually contains residual oil.However, in order to maximize oil extraction, the cake canbe exhaustively extracted by organic solvents. The resultingco-product, called oil meal, is low in residual oil but it containsmore crude protein (CP) than oil cake. One commonfeature of oil cakes and meals is their high protein content(Ramachandran et al., 2007).The chemical compositions of the different non-edibleoil cakes and meals are summarized in Table 1. Traditionallyoil cakes and meals from edible plants are used in livestockfeeding because of their high protein content. Non-edibleoil cakes and meals are also rich in protein. CP content ishighest for crambe meal and lowest for mesua meal.Castor meal contains 27 percent CP and its fibre contentis higher than the other non-edible cakes and meals. Castormeal is deficient in the essential amino acids methionine,lysine and tryptophan (Table 2). Rubber seed meal contains22 percent CP, but its ash content is lower than many otheroil cakes and meals. The amino acid composition of rubberseed meal shows a well balanced profile with high levels ofglutamic acid, aspartic acid and leucine. Lysine and sulphuramino acids are deficient (Oyewusi, Akintayo and Olaofe,
328Biofuel co-products as livestock feed – Opportunities and challengesTABLE 1Nutritional and anti nutritional components (g/100 g DM) of different oil cakes and mealsCo-product Ether extract Crude protein Crude fibre Minerals Toxic compounds ReferenceRicinus communis Meal 0.3 27.1 41.1 7.5 Ricin (thermo labile protein), ricinine (alkaloid),CB-1A (stable allergen)Hevea brasiliensis Meal 15.8 21.9 ND 2.3 Cyanogenic glycosides (linamarin and lotaustralin),phytohaemagglutinin (antifertility factor)Ghandi, Cherian and Mulky, 1994.Oyewusi, Akintayo and Olaofe, 2007.Crambe abyssinica Meal 0.9 46 – 58 6.7 8.6 Epi-progoitrin (thioglucoside) Carlson and Tookey, 1983.Thevetia peruviana Meal 0.5 42.8 – 47.5 5.20 ND Cardiac glycosides (thevetin A, thevebioside, glucoperuvosideand acetylated monoside)CalophylluminophyllumAtteh, Ibiyemi and Ojo, 1995; Usman et al.,2009.Cake ND 24 ND ND Calaustralin (phenylcoumarin derivative) Mohapatra and Samal, 2002.Mesua ferrea Linn Meal 0.96–14.0 11.3–15.7 4.5–9.2 5.3 – 5.4 Unknown apolar toxic factor(s) Baruah, Kalita and Saikia, 1997; Konwar,Ahmed and Medhi, 1999.Azadirachta indica Cake 3.6–9.1 45.0–49.4 5.5–8.6 7.6 – 9.5 Azadirachtin (tetra nortri terpenoid antifeedant),isoprenoids and nimbidin (sulphurous compound)Pongamia pinnata Cake 14.4 24.2 3.9 5.2 Karanjinin (furano-flavonoid), anti nutritionalfactors (phytates, tannins and protease inhibitorsand glabrin)Rao, 1987.Natanam, Kadirvel and Viswanathan, 1989.Notes: ND = not determined.TABLE 2Amino acid composition of different oil cakes and meals (g/16 g N)Ala Arg Asp Cys Glu Gly His Ile Lys Leu Met Phe Pro Ser Thr Trp Tyr Val ReferenceRicinus communis 4.1 7.9 9.1 1.4 18.3 4.2 1.6 4.7 2.8 6.1 1.6 3.7 3.6 5.4 3.3 0.3 2.3 5.5 Mottola et al., 1968;Vilhjalmsdottir and Fisher, 1971.Hevea brasiliensis 2.4 5.1 8.0 1.5 11.2 4.0 2.4 3.5 5.0 7.2 1.5 4.9 1.8 3.0 2.3 3.4 3.8 Oyewusi, Akintayo and Olaofe, 2007.Crambe abyssinica 4.0 6.5 6.8 2.7 15.6 5.0 2.4 3.9 5.3 6.3 1.7 3.7 5.9 3.8 3.8 1.5 5.0 Carlson and Tookey, 1983;Lazzeri et al., 1994.Thevetia peruviana 10.1 10.5 44.6 2.2 31.9 9.0 3.5 4.0 9.1 9.2 1.4 5.8 8.5 8.8 4.5 3.9 8.5 Atteh, Ibiyemi and Ojo, 1995;Usman et al., 2009.Calophylluminophyllum9.2 1.3 1.2 2.3 3.3 4.9 0.6 3.5 2.3 0.9 3.1 Venkatesan and Rege, 1973.Azadirachta indica 3.7 8.5 10.6 0.3 24.2 4.3 1.9 2.6 3.3 6.5 1.1 3.8 3.9 4.9 3.2 1.2 2.1 3.6 Rao, 1987.Pongamia pinnata 4.1 6.2 13.3 0.1 19.1 4.7 2.8 4.2 8.4 10.1 0.4 6.6 5.1 4.5 2.7 2.0 5.4 Vinay and Sindhu Kanya, 2008.
Page 1 and 2:
BIOFUEL CO-PRODUCTS AS LIVESTOCK FE
Page 3:
Recommended citationFAO. 2012. Biof
Page 6 and 7:
vco-products to swine - Feeding cru
Page 8 and 9:
viiCHAPTER 22Use of Pongamia glabra
Page 10 and 11:
ixPrefaceHumans are faced with majo
Page 13 and 14:
xiiCBMCBSCCDSCCKCDOCDSCFCFBCFRCGECI
Page 15 and 16:
xivHCHOHClHCNHisH-JPKMHMCHPDDGHPDDG
Page 17 and 18:
xviPPbPCVPDPEMPFADPhePJPKCPKEPKMPKO
Page 19 and 20:
xviiiWBPWCGFWDGWDGSWDGSHWPCWTWWWNSK
Page 21 and 22:
2Biofuel co-products as livestock f
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
10Biofuel co-products as livestock
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 54 and 55:
35Chapter 3Impact of United States
Page 56 and 57:
Impact of United States biofuels co
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 120 and 121:
101Chapter 6Hydrogen sulphide: synt
Page 122 and 123:
Hydrogen sulphide in cattle fed co-
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 174 and 175:
155Chapter 8Utilization of crude gl
Page 176 and 177:
Utilization of crude glycerin in be
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 228 and 229:
209Chapter 11Co-products from biofu
Page 230 and 231:
Co-products from biofuel production
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 294 and 295:
275Chapter 15Sustainable and compet
Page 296 and 297: Sustainable and competitive use of
Page 310 and 311: 291Chapter 16Scope for utilizing su
Page 312 and 313: Scope for utilizing sugar cane baga
Page 322 and 323: 303Chapter 17Camelina sativa in pou
Page 324 and 325: Camelina sativa in poultry diets: o
Page 330 and 331: 311Chapter 18Utilization of lipid c
Page 332 and 333: Utilization of lipid co-products of
Page 342: Utilization of lipid co-products of
Page 345: 326Biofuel co-products as livestock
Page 349 and 350: 330Biofuel co-products as livestock
Page 370 and 371: 351Chapter 21Use of detoxified jatr
Page 372 and 373: Use of detoxified jatropha kernel m
Page 396 and 397:
Use of detoxified jatropha kernel m
Page 398 and 399:
379Chapter 22Use of Pongamia glabra
Page 400 and 401:
Use of Pongamia glabra (karanj) and
Page 402 and 403:
Page 404 and 405:
Page 406 and 407:
Page 408 and 409:
Page 410 and 411:
Page 412 and 413:
Page 414 and 415:
Page 416 and 417:
Page 418 and 419:
Page 420 and 421:
Page 422 and 423:
403Chapter 23Co-products of the Uni
Page 424 and 425:
Co-products of the United States bi
Page 426 and 427:
Page 428 and 429:
Page 430 and 431:
Page 432 and 433:
Page 434 and 435:
Page 436 and 437:
Page 438 and 439:
Page 440:
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Page 447 and 448:
Page 449 and 450:
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
Page 455 and 456:
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
Page 463 and 464:
Page 465 and 466:
Page 467 and 468:
Page 469 and 470:
Page 471 and 472:
Page 473 and 474:
Page 475 and 476:
Page 477 and 478:
Page 479 and 480:
Page 481 and 482:
Page 483 and 484:
Page 486 and 487:
467Chapter 26An assessment of the p
Page 488 and 489:
An assessment of the potential dema
Page 490 and 491:
Page 492 and 493:
Page 494 and 495:
Page 496 and 497:
Page 498 and 499:
Page 500 and 501:
Page 502 and 503:
483Chapter 27Biofuels: their co-pro
Page 504 and 505:
Biofuels: their co-products and wat
Page 506 and 507:
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
Page 512 and 513:
Page 514 and 515:
Page 516 and 517:
Page 518 and 519:
Page 520 and 521:
501Chapter 28Utilization of co-prod
Page 522 and 523:
Utilization of co-products of the b
Page 524 and 525:
Page 526 and 527:
Page 528 and 529:
Page 530 and 531:
Page 532 and 533:
Page 534 and 535:
Page 536 and 537:
Page 538 and 539:
Page 540 and 541:
Page 542 and 543:
523Contributing authorsSouheila Abb
Page 544 and 545:
Contributing authors 525for the Fee
Page 546 and 547:
Contributing authors 527Friederike
Page 548 and 549:
Contributing authors 529Sustainable
Page 550 and 551:
Contributing authors 531During the
Page 552:
Contributing authors 533(Hons.) and
show all

Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?