Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

Scope for utilizing sugar cane bagasse as livestock feed – an Asian perspective 297TABLE 4Summary of reported responses in different categories of livestock fed untreated or processed bagasseTreatment Species and response Remarks ReferenceUntreated bagasse/pithBagasse with molasses mixture at10, 20 and 30% replacing maizeUntreated bagasse (UB)Complete feeds(i) 30% Untreated bagasse + 70%unconventional concentrates(ii) 30% wheat straw + 70%concentrateComplete feeds(i) 40% wheat straw + 60%concentrate(ii) 40% untreated bagasse + 60%concentratePigs (local and exotic breeds)Bulls fed complete feed blockscontaining 40% wheat straw or UBCrossbred calves fed for 40 weeks.DMI and ADG were comparable inboth groupsCrossbred calves fed for 4 monthsADG, DMI and FCR were significantlylower in pigs given 30% mixture.Rumen fermentation in sugar canebagasse fed diet was comparable towheat straw based dietComplete feed with 30% sugar canebagasse and non-conventional feedswas economicalDMI, ADG and FCR were comparablebetween the groups, with bagassediets being economicalReddy et al., 1985.Hozhabri and Singhal,2006.Pandya et al., 2009.Fardin and Singhal,2009.Steam treated bagasse and pithSteam pressure treated bagasseSteaming of bagasse at 170–195 °Cfor 60 minutes.+ NaOH addition @ 5% on DMbasisSteam treated bagassesupplemented with legumes, ureamolasses, rice bran and poultrylitterSteam treatment of bagassefollowed by anhydrous ammoniatreatment (3% by weight) for 15days, plus supplements.Steam treated pith (STP)Milch cows fed for 28 days, replacing18–32% in complete dietsImproved the DM digestibility from27–30% to 52% in sheepFurther improved the digestibility to65–66% in sheepCrossbred bulls fed for141 daysCrossbred bulls fed for169 daysArabi lambs fed for 70 days. STPconstituted 0, 11, 22 and 33% of dietand replaced barley at 0, 25, 50 and75%, respectivelyGreatly depressed DMI, milk yield and Horn et al., 1984.milk fat contentPalatability was impaired Ali, 1991.Steam-treated bagasse was wellconsumed and ADG varied from 0.57to 0.75 kgADG in bulls fed steam treatedbagasse (0.64 to 0.54 g) wassignificantly higher than the steamammoniatreated bagasse (0.30 g)DMI and ADG did not differ. FCR wassignificantly lower at 33% of STP.STP at 11% level had the besteconomic efficiencyHéctor, 1990.Héctor, 1990.Ensiyeh, Najafgholiand Hamideh, 2009.Chemical treatments(i) Complete diets containing 40%alkali treated (2% NaOH) bagasse(ATB)(ii) Complete diets containing 40%untreated bagasse (UB)(iii) Control: pasture + concentrates@ 360 g/liter milk(i) urea-molasses enriched sugarcane bagasse(ii) (i) with alkali treatment(iii) 4 kg green + paddy strawUntreated and alkali-treated (5%NaOH solution) bagasseSteam and alkali treated bagasse(ATB)(i) Spray drying of fresh bagassewith NaOH solution (30%)containing 5% NaOH of dry fibre(TAB).(ii) Supplementation of (i) withmolasses (20: 40 w:w) and urea (1.5to 2.0%)(iii) supplementation of (ii) withcotton seedRaw bagasse pith (RBP) and ureaammoniated bagasse pith (UABP)(4% urea, 40% moisture and 21days treatment)Lactating cows fed for 300 daysFeed consumption- (i) 16.5 kg, (ii)14.2 kg and (iii) 6 kg concentrate +pasture.Milk production kg – (i) 17.2 (ii) 12.5and (iii) 16.5Crossbred heifers fed for 61 daysAll three roughages were fed adlibitum with 2 kg concentrateAwassi lambs25, 40 and 50% untreated and alkalitreatedbagasseDohne Merino lambs fed to appetitefor 56 days.ATB improved ADG and FCR at 19 and40% inclusion levels.Increased IVDMD from 30 to 55%Maintained weaner cattleDaily gain up to 0.7 kg in growingcattleCrossbred bulls fed for 28 daysComplete feeds having 50 : 50roughage and concentrateUB resulted in significant drop in milkproduction.ATB was comparable to controls inmilk production but it resulted insignificant drop in milk fat and totalsolids %ADG g (i) 158 (ii) 55 & (iii) 356Urea-molasses enriched bagasse,without or with alkali treatment wasnot suitable as the only source ofroughage.Treatment had no significant effect onADG and FCRNaOH treatment appeared mainlyto increase its palatability leading tohigher ADGSteam treatment improvedperformance at lower inclusionlevel, while at higher levels it had anegative effect.TAB can be stored up to 6 monthswithout problem.No health problems associated withthe feeding TAB-based diets providedthe concentration of NaOH does notexceed 5% on dry fibre.RBP was inferior to wheat straw andUABP was superior to wheat strawbased dietsRandel et al., 1972.Reddy, Mohan andDas, 1981.Al-Tawash andAlwash, 1983.Jacobs and vanNiekerk, 1985.Tudor and Inkerman,1989.Singh et al., 2004.