joint strategic needs assessment foundation profile - JSNA

Interative Hull Atlas: www.hullpublichealth.org/Pages/hull_atlas.htm More information: www.jsnaonline.org and www.hullpublichealth.org
10.2.5 Breast Cancer
10.2.5.1 Risk Factors
Cancer Research UK provide more information on the risk factors for breast cancer
(Cancer Research UK 2008) as detailed in this paragraph. A substantial proportion of
the breast cancer cases experienced in developed countries can be explained by factors
which influence exposure to oestrogen, including reproductive and hormonal factors,
obesity, alcohol and physical activity. Age is a strong risk factor for developing breast
cancer in women. Women in developed countries are at increased risk of breast cancer
compared with women from less developed countries. Much of this variation can be
explained by the fact that women in developed countries have fewer children and a
limited duration of breastfeeding. Reproductive factors also influence the risk of
developing breast cancer. Early age at menarche, having children at a later age, not
having children, and late menopause all increase the risk of breast cancer. Use of oral
contraceptives also increases the risk although there is no significant risk ten or more
years after stopping use. Hormone replacement therapy increases the risk of breast
cancer and also reduces the sensitivity of mammography. Overweight and obesity
moderately increases the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer and is one of the few
modifiable risk factors for breast cancer. Increased physical activity may lower the risk
of breast cancer, but this may be an indirect effect though its influence on overweight
and obesity. Increased alcohol consumption has shown to increase the risk of breast
cancer and a diet high in fat may increase the risk. Taller women have also been shown
to have an increased risk of breast cancer. Exposure to ionising radiation may also
increase the risk. Breast cancer tends to have a higher incidence in the more affluent
social classes, although this effect has not been seen when analysing local data. Family
history and previous breast cancer are also risk factors.
10.2.5.2 Incidence
Information relating to the incidence of breast cancer is given in section 10.2.1.2 on
page 502.
10.2.5.3 Inpatient Hospital Admissions
Table 264 gives the total number of daycase and inpatient admissions over the three
year period 2007/08 to 2009/10 and the average annual directly age standardised
admission rate for admissions (DSR) for women where the primary diagnosis was breast
cancer (for at least one of the clinician episodes during the hospital stay) per 100,000
resident population (standardised to Hull‟s 2009 population). As previously mentioned,
usage of services will depend on many different things, such as prevalence of risk
factors and disease, willingness of visit GPs, referral rates within Primary Care,
accessibility of Primary and Secondary Care services, etc.
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