joint strategic needs assessment foundation profile - JSNA

Interative Hull Atlas: www.hullpublichealth.org/Pages/hull_atlas.htm More information: www.jsnaonline.org and www.hullpublichealth.org
half a year (20 years in total) and the 99,460 who survive their second year would
contribute a whole year. So 99,480 years would be contributed in total (in the second
year). The calculation is undertaken for each single year of age 74 (separately for males
and females). The „contributions‟ at each single year of age are summed and divided by
100,000 (the starting number of individuals) to obtain the average life expectancy at
birth.
12.11 Total Period Fertility or Abortion Rate
Since there are differences in the number of births amongst women of different ages,
one measure of fertility is the number of births per 1,000 women for a specific agegroup.
For example, 203 births per 1,000 women aged 25-29 years. However, this
results in a different fertility estimate for each age group, and the overall fertility rate
among different geographical areas cannot be easily compared. This is particularly the
case, if there is a difference in the age women tend to have their children among
different geographical areas or countries. The total period fertility rate (TPFR) is a
convenient summary measure of the fertility. It is an hypothetical estimate of completed
fertility. It indicates how many births a woman would have by the end of her
reproductive life, if, for all of her childbearing years, she was to experience the agespecific
birth rates for a given year (e.g. current fertility rates as at 2009). It takes into
account the differences in the fertility rates within different reproductive age groups, and
enables comparisons to be made between different geographical areas and between
different time periods, because it is not affected by the age distribution of the women in
the reproductive age-groups. The total period abortion rate (TPAR) is a similar measure
of abortions rather than births over all age groups.
12.12 Hospital Episode Statistics
Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) refers to the data generate during a stay in hospital.
Inpatient admission rates provide useful information about the general level of illness
and the use of hospital services within geographical areas. Patients admitted to a bed
for elective surgery, but discharged the same day are classed as daycases, and these
are included within inpatients in this document, unless otherwise stated. However, it is
very important to note that admission rates depend on how willing people are to make
use of medical services, the location and accessibility of services, as well as differences
in referral patterns and practices within primary and secondary care. These factors may
differ between geographical areas, and may explain different levels of hospital activity
rather than differences in the prevalence of disease. For example, in general, people
who live in more deprived areas are less likely to visit their GP than people with similar
levels of symptoms who live in more affluent areas. Referral rates can vary dramatically
74 It is necessary to adjust the method slightly at the oldest ages. The Government Actuarial Department
do not provide information on how mortality rates are applied to those over 100. Locally calculated
mortality rates examined the age distribution in men and women separately and mortality rates were
assumed for the oldest ages.
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