A justiga e os orgsos judiciarios 4. I:osccifu c evol~iqiin dr j11s1il.a. -Nas civilisa~ijes ~)ri~ilitivn.s. tauto qklinlto po<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>pret~cn<strong>de</strong>r-se do sstliclo tlos 11ovos selra.gens actnaes, a justica tvadueia-se, obscum c g~.ossoira, como phenomena esisellc~almente biologico, por nil1 siulples mrrvimentcr reflexo <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>lesa, especie <strong>de</strong> contracqZo ilcrvosn clestinadn a afastar e repellir as i~~~l~ressiies ii~rom~uotlas clo exterior. Bepelindo-se lllil vezcs o trai~sismittinrlo-sc cle geraf.50 ell1 g.eraqA,o, esse ~i~ori~nolitn aadmn por se integrar e stratificar uas cellulas do ccrehro, trrrnanclo-se patri~uolllu (la humaniclacle e conslilui~itlo nlila clas irleias geraes quc cleter~ilinalu o rlmouvolvi~i~rnto e transfor111aqXo rlas socierla<strong>de</strong>s. Nessn. long;^ erolaqao dosrle o lllnvilnellto reflexo at6 6 itlcin conscicnte, a justiqa, rerelon-se pnr diversas fos1na.s. Unla <strong>da</strong>s m~is regulares e pcrsistentes foi sell1 duvi<strong>da</strong> o toltiin, qae, no nspccto semitico cc olho j~or. olho, rlmztc 2JOY rleitfr a I, po<strong>de</strong> consiclernr-se comm~u~~ a toclas as civilisnqiies c~ubryouasias. Depois, em n.lgluls povos jh lllais cultos, o taliZ.(~, tendo cle ser niinistraclo co~li rigorosa egual<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> qner rl~~a.ntitatira, qrier qualitatira, <strong>de</strong>n origelll a umn 1 )~~~~rl'it '. , t'or~ila co~lin~ercial rla j~cstica - a co77[3~osi~$o 2, -. . --- I a Bqncllc clue tivt:~. fr,rido algmn dos seus couci<strong>da</strong>glGos, cliz o P>lho Zktczi~~eitto, ~el,k tractado colno i~ll~. tyacton o ontro; receher:~ f~,ai:tnra 11"" f~ar,tnm, e ~~~~ldt.r:i rillio ]lor olhu, 1lr17te pol clente; sc~i ohrigado a sofflel 0 Illcnstnn n~nl qn!: tlr7er frito soffrer no ontro >,. C{IUIO era pelu g1i:3o 111atelid <strong>da</strong> villgau(a clue o l:rliAo se mant~uhn e rnd~cn~q 11Ro dorcll~os :irlmirar-nos <strong>de</strong> qne, ~nsensivel~nt>nte, carkt ei:i;Ko ~)rej~~clic~ai tzrlnc(;nssu a ser nmlindn el11 fructos, o~uallluo~rls, leva<strong>da</strong> at6 a,o absurdo, na vellla Germania, sob o notno d~ ?oeh~.geld l. Mais tarcle, quaildo se accentuon a absorpq80 <strong>da</strong>s ellergins individuaes pel0 clespotismo dos chefes, estes, n3io po<strong>de</strong>ndo senlpre chamar a si a totali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>da</strong>s cu~upusic;iies, estabeleceram as mllltas senhoriaes, e inventaram, para multiplicaqb ddos seus rendimentos, uma infini<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> cle crimes e offensas cle llatureza esscncialtnente politica e religiosa. A lei toruon-so a tradnc@o rlos sells ca.prichos, F: a justiya, por elles proprios admiuistracla, passou a espsimir a sua vonta<strong>de</strong> ou t~s super~liq6es ueinmltes, rarns veecs seguinrio nnla norma colistallte e regular. U'estas transforl~iac;iies resaltou, conlo era <strong>de</strong> prevgr, - , que a acpSio prejnilicinl, at,acando a, principio o proprio indiri<strong>da</strong>o, passoa <strong>de</strong>yois a coilsi<strong>de</strong>rar-se c,olno ver<strong>da</strong>dcira offensa ao soberano e A lei. As composic;ijes forarn snccessivan~eutc s~~bstituiclas por niultas; c o offendido, prirneiro pritado do valor (la offeusa rccehi<strong>da</strong>, foil nfinal, <strong>de</strong>stituirlo 'lo proprio diseito cle execntar a <strong>de</strong>cislo coi~rlernnatoria do principe. 0 interesse inclividual cc<strong>de</strong>u, assim, o passo ao collective. e a justiqa passou a <strong>de</strong>scer (lo alto como do c6u rlesce, fulminante, o r:~io. Era nin<strong>da</strong> por rmes cruel e atroe co111o a pri~nltiva ri~~ga~lqa; ma.s, envolvendo ]h n clcmcntn , social, tomilra-se inenos clesor<strong>de</strong>na<strong>da</strong>, nieoos arhitsaiia e I coln ten<strong>de</strong>ncia paa differenclar e aperfeiqoilr. o sen or$\ilis~lio proprio. Foi <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> ent80 qtle, no clizer <strong>de</strong> L~;T~URKE,LU, co1nec;on a forniar-se no espirito dos hornens uma co~lcepglo abstracta <strong>da</strong> justiq" a, no~Ho dc ullla Ici imaginana, inas bc~iifaecja e punidora <strong>da</strong>s n~hs ac\;6es; cle um - direlto ... natural, in<strong>de</strong>pendcntc rlas .vontacies yartic~~la~es aci~lla d:ls quaes pdra~a. t~tensllios, escravos, auimaes, ar~~ins e ontros valores, e <strong>de</strong> rtne a victin~s on a sna failulla prefer;ssem no prazer ~llomcutnneo, fal;sz, <strong>da</strong> vinganqa, 0 lwawwltlasi pennsueute <strong>de</strong> atll~sarenl taes valores. A linss:lgcln do taliio h oomposipZo era, pots, n111a couse(loencia fovp<strong>da</strong> dn logloa social. 1 Tr:d,lc:i$o ]iftofil,l: ,< ))I'I'l,XI 111' l'L'hg:\t(' 112 ROC%IJ ill1 11011%1 ])1'131111~1i112'. ' '
1:ni o rll~i! ox I I I ~ ~ ~ ~ YICO:, ~ I I I J cl~ar~~i~rnl~l n 1dci3 int~ata dn j~st~c;n Pcqrilrdo eata concep~Zrr~ os a,ttel~tntlos c~litI,it a,s pcssoas (111 colllrn or, l-~ons clcixamm dc sor mcrns acy6cs s~~scel~liveis <strong>de</strong> resffato: lornarnm-se infrnqGcs, tnnto tln lei (livil~i~ ci)liio 11tt lei llunlalla - criuled ULL pcccados. Poi ~lcsto nioiner~tu dn erolu~Ao juritl1c:x clue os eacriptures e PP ~~l~ilo~ol~l~os 110ilei~i1,lil ro~iceb~r H Cijfi~~illil~ luasin~as (lo ji~stiqn nnivel-sxl; fo~ e~~tRo eg~ialillente qile a ~B~~~KSELS siiill~les pi?lito~.n, - jltrtl'ca - cnlni.foll 21. d~~pel.til~. LLIII:L nspcci~ do entlinsinsriio, porqlie a I~nniil<strong>de</strong> o~,igem <strong>da</strong>, lnst~,;:~ ~xtn~n i~~t~irnrnentc e~illl~airla. J Nnq ~I~~J~S/U~~I~I~~~~I~IIS cllb d#-oi, 1, 3-2L, TUIDE c~uir<strong>de</strong>~n o ta11Z0 1.1il11o ~ N I U ~ il,] O lrarliil,~ IIIIIIUL~:IU~C. Inns u;iu uulco ileiri l~iiunlpal ,111 i~\ol111,2o J ~l~cini,~n; ,I I~IIPI. rjneano latlo ~l'essn OI.IKPIII s~ctlu<strong>da</strong>r~a. ~~~tt~lnela nn 1-1tLn tins l~r~11u:uoi "r~i():~~up~~tes uus el11 ~cl,~yZo iaos untros. 'L' ncc'ltl: c 11'11111 l~i~11101.:0. ~~i~iil~.~iiI,~-~l IIR ~ldn ~iitltil~ LIP r.:lcln g~
- Page 1 and 2: Synthese das ~releqses do Ex? Sr. D
- Page 3 and 4: C.APITUI.O IT Rela~oes entre o pode
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- Page 13 and 14: A cvolur;8o ria orgauiza~Xo j~tdici
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210 MIST. DO ORGAN. JUDIC. PORT. NA
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114 Ills?.. IlO ORGAN. JUlllC. POII
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d 18 IIIST. DO ORGAN. JUDIC. PORT.
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424 HIST. DO OHG,\N. JUDIC. I'OL1T.
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;I ~loLrczn c o elero relomaram a j
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1 IIlST. DO OnGAS. JUDlC. PORT. NA
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1 : IllSl'. [I0 ORGAN. JUDIC. PORT.
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:Is :~~~,ril)uiqGes ct~nt~:ncios;ls
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14 4 IIIST. DO OIlGbN. JUDIC. POI1T
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A constilrtip?io permittia aioda, n
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senleupas pcla jnstipa, qua~~do n5o
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A carta foi jurada. Fizeram-se 3s e
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160 HIST. DO ORGAN. JUDIC. PORT. NA
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teslemsnll;ts, coulra~lictnr as rlo
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172 IIlSl'. DO OHGAN. JUDlC. POnT.
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punicao, qxar o grau maxirno, rnkdi
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180 HIST. DO onGA?r. JUUlC. PORT. N
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11) elrl c;lil;l ilkrr 110s jr~lgar
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Proc~~ro~l R4ousr~clo re1neili:lr e
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contincntnes ', cst:~s em, 7!)6 coo
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ao carllcl lrgislativo as p~~o'lirl
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g 800 IlISl'. Do ORGAN. J1:DIC. POI
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20h IllST. DO ORGAN. JUDlC. PonT. N
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e lircparn~5o ilns causas que se el
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Esle regirnellto de 15 ile de~zemhr
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e tins q~lc sc cstabelecessem nas i
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""12 1lIST. Ilil CIRRAN. JULIIC. PO
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para as comarcas (lo clistricto iui
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ailanto ao nlt~amar, devemos fazer
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a rcl:1x:1~5n c r1nel)rantamentn rl
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&38 ITlS'l'. DO ORGAN. JUDIO. PORT.
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~~"L~IsT, DO ORGAN. JUDIC. PORT. NA
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]irr~cn~.atlor regio, pnssando as s
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csnllatlo tlus seus trabail~os, c i
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2 11IST. TI0 DROAN. .IUDIC. PORT. N
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"L8 IIIST. DO OlIGA,N. JUDIC. POBT.
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dc coohecer cle moclo como 6 ailmin
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ci:lltle I ."i~~stotlcin s~il)o~'il
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270 IIIST. DO ORGAN. JUDIC. POnl. N
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7 IlIST. 110 OFtGAN. .flfrtlC. PORT
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276 IIIST. DO ORGAN. JUDIC. PORT. N
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lnilitares, cuja col~slilui$io foi
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Con1 eflc!ito, a mais simples insge
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Pi20 I:! niliii, l~)r~im, o logar c
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os plsol:essos qne livercm tlistrih
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T!)8 IllST. IKJ CriG.4N. .lrJDlC. P
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30'2 IIIST. DO ORGAN. JIJDIC. PORT.
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aintln l~oje em vigor para i~npugna
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11iel11(11'. SC 11311, a verdntleir
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a appellal;Zo, aincla tomada no sen
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deciilirlo pelo trilrunal sepremo,-
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382 A ORGANIZAFAO JUDlCTilRrA I331
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col~lr;~~. trs primciros vcsligios
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pwte acccssol.ia ou itidirecls, ist
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inuli~nzia n'cssas co~lllifles alpe
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de 4875 nada dispozeram sobre o ass
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l>e~-~irill.ii~ 1111~' 0s 111'0~111
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Ora, />:Ira coallrlnar as exigerlci
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constituia iima verclatleira promoc
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t1'entt.e os juizes de dirrilo do y
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lo procu~.arlor (la c,orBa r, lazen
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368 O~GANIZAQAO JUDICIARIA CIVIL -.
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E', pnis, 11rgen1e rernodelar o sys
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3'76 OIIGANIZA~~O JUnlCIARIA CIVIL
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sendo con~peleute para i~npirr a de
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APPENDICE 119. Nota ftllal sobre or
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1\Ioal~'inii1~ o Novo, Redn~~tlo, R
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ec,orrer-se ynra o S. T, Adm. Assim