Principios fun<strong>da</strong>mentaes 8 3. d jtisli~a ci~il em confronto (la j~~sti~a criniinal e (la commercial. - Entrando no estudo do lunccionamenlo <strong>da</strong> organiza~go judiciaria, climpre aclvertir clile, entre ribs, os tribunaes civis slao, em regra, conjunctamente tribunaes cnminaes e ain<strong>da</strong>,, at6 cerlo ponto, tribunaes commerciaes, o que nlo sbmente influe no methodo <strong>de</strong> exposi~30, n~as <strong>da</strong> origem a urn problema importante, que BENT HA^^ indicava, e no filn do seculo passaclo, sob esta rubrica um tanto ex- tensa - Conzpeterzcia auliversal cle cadu triDzmn1. Exame dos falsos princ~pios qiie fizernm mar ziaan varie<strong>da</strong>ds <strong>de</strong> ln- bunnes con* attribui~<strong>de</strong>s ditreren tes. r 0s falsos prtnczpios a que o gran<strong>de</strong> ut~litario ingles fazia allus20 e as soli<strong>da</strong>s raz<strong>de</strong>s que se dignava oppbr-lhes, eraln a fructa do tempo: simples e cblaos motivos <strong>de</strong> opportuni<strong>da</strong>dc pratica --incbmmodos, .<strong>de</strong>spezas <strong>de</strong> tempo, incertezas, etc. - <strong>de</strong>spidos <strong>de</strong> qualquer eleva~30 scien tifica. 0s tractadistas classicos seguira~n pelo mesmo caminho, e assim se explica que os systemas <strong>da</strong> unilo ou separa~so <strong>da</strong> jusli~a civ11, <strong>da</strong> penal e con~mercial se encontrem nos diversos paizes conformemente as respectivas tradi~aes e sem que um cooceito scientific0 <strong>de</strong>termine a preferencia por um ou por outro systema. E, to<strong>da</strong>v~a, a luz <strong>da</strong> sociologia mo<strong>de</strong>rna, lacil 6 <strong>de</strong>monstrar que ca<strong>da</strong> uma <strong>da</strong>s funcqloes judiciarias - civil, criminal e con~mercial - <strong>de</strong>ve ter orglaos correspon<strong>de</strong>ntes, nili- , <strong>da</strong>menle diflerenciados, embora coor<strong>de</strong>nados entre si.
Con1 eflc!ito, a mais simples insgec~.io do organistno social re\lela qoe a sua evoluc;go progressi\ia se raz scmltre rio sonlirln dr, c:aila ~ I I I I I ser ; ~ ~ exerci<strong>da</strong> [lor om org8o laulo III:IIS 11el'ltto rlnanto n1;ucrr e a sua especial~sn@o. 1;: o clue, nn 01 ga~~izapllo judiciaria, <strong>de</strong>mo11st1-a elocjuentc~~ictllc a Iristoria. KO ~~rincrl~io ha\,ia coml~leta confus30 et1li.e os rlive~*sos orgxos do poiler politico, e d'al~i resultava qlte a jiisli~;~ era nma sb. Succed~a assim, em parte, na anliga lioina, on<strong>de</strong> as fnugi~es jndiciarias, governamentaes, n~ililarcs e oilminisiralivas se ~~cuniam orcli~lariamente iia lneslna pessoa. Suceedia lambem 110s ~povos germanicos, cm qnc IocI~ a soberar~ia linlla uio;~ sb express50 nos plni:ili tlns ccrll~irins e ilas tribus. Socceclia aincla na egreja, oniquanto adrnitlia 11111 SO 130t119' SII~J~~I~I~, temporal e espiriluai, ciwl, politico e jutlicial-io. Mais rartle, corn a expanslo do tlir,eito cummercial, a respectiva organiza~20 judicinria conlc~ou a separar-se. Depois, a Inglaterra <strong>de</strong>n o exe~nplu rlc cluas jurisdiq6as drvclsas para as cluestfies cicis c cr'i~~~itl:rc>e. Algum:ls tlrze~ras <strong>de</strong> anuos mais tar<strong>de</strong> a legislac:.3o rc\roluciouat~ia I'l~anc6sa cle 1700 e 1794 separou os I.~,illtu~acs civis dos penaes e dos commerciaes. E sb ern 1810 as rcfi~l:rrlas <strong>de</strong> UON,~LIAII.I.E cmbarac;amm estes progl.cssus, r~l~~tlinilo ;I n~agislraltlra civil con1 a criminal a lilr~lo tlc d;tr for~a c rcspcito ao corpo judioario. I)a Pr;111$a pnssou esse clesv~v esl~~ui:l~ir.al para mullos p6vos rille nlo sorlberam fu~lar-se 5 influenem ganlesa. I2 ;~ssim se cxl)lica conlo 111,je uZo seja raro clel~arar, em 1'orl.ltgal ou no eslraugeiro, coln wn juiz, cloe is 10 Ilorad clu ~tlilnl~Z assiste B clislribuir,3o clc causas crvcis, is 11 julga IIIII~ liolicia r:orrr,ccior~nl, is 12 presi<strong>de</strong> i <strong>de</strong>clara~do ile I'ullcncia rl'ii~n commercianle, li $1 <strong>da</strong> lar<strong>de</strong> clefere juramcnlo 30 calje~a rle c,;~s;tl ll'um irirenlal.io, is "2inlcrroga iin~ assnssino, ;is :I faz q~iesitos ao j~lry sobre a :~ss~gnatui.a t1'111na le11-n <strong>de</strong> cambio e i noile retlige <strong>de</strong>spacllos c sentenc,;ls civeis, cornmcrciacs e criminaes. KSo ~iir<strong>de</strong> serl lJara ol)t,cr urna ltoa administraqZo (la jus- ti~a s3o prccisas pcssbas aptas para dcscmpcnliar as respeclivas f'iincr;fies. Ora a aptit130 intellectual para as l~inc- ~Bes jruliciarias civis 1180 e a mesnla que se requer para as c~inii~~aes ou para as commerciaes; clicerge, tanto na cloali<strong>da</strong>tle conlo 11a ealeils9o : na qttali<strong>da</strong>tle, porqne, erilre oulras razijes, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> sempre, e agora, sol~relntlu, qne as e~colas mo<strong>de</strong>r~~as ilp, crlminolog~a rrfunrliran~ coml3l~ta- 111ente os vell~os conceitos dcerea do crim~ooso, do crlme e (la pena, o n~agisl,raclo crinl~nal prccisa, para bc~n cumprir a filnc~Bo <strong>de</strong> qua a socic<strong>da</strong>tle o incnmbe, <strong>de</strong> m:lior somma <strong>de</strong> col~l~eci~neiltos pl~ysiologicos, ~)sychologicos e suciolugicos do clue o jniz civ~l ou o cornaic~~c~al ; e na extenGo porrpe as esiaiisticas judiciar~as <strong>de</strong>rnonslr;~m, at6 no rlosso pnis, alias t50 pobrc d'ellas, ilne a 111aio1- 1);11,ie dos trillnnaes <strong>de</strong> prin~c!ir.a inslancia tke~n II~I niovimcrlto r~l:~ior <strong>de</strong> causas crimes rln rlne <strong>de</strong> catisas civeis, e clue quask todos elles 1Bm muilo poucas causas curnmcri.iacs a julgar. Assim, pois, a scieocia social e as tloalr~:~as r~~otlernns eltigem a iliviszo (la justi~a chnmarla c.nn?o?nnl em Ires ramos lonccional e 01.ganicamenle sep:rratlos : civil, criminal e comrnerc~al ! Ale111 d'esses, Ilaveria oulros ramos, tarn- 1 I)'al~i resnltn uni nnvo iilconvenicillc: rluc (IS ~nngistratlos, II.;IIIS- Icridos, em regra, r1o c.:tbo dc seis nlruos, tl'u111:I para outra comarca, 1)o<strong>de</strong>m estnr alternntivnmente crn f:~cc: ~ 'L~II;I alllue~~cis ol:liol do I.nnsas civcia, <strong>de</strong> can.;?% rrimioacs, nil dc c,;losas cornr~iorrincs, scm pn%siI~ilidnrlr <strong>de</strong> esperi:lliwc~n, e r.nm ~)robal~ilid:ldc, gclo cnlltr:irin, <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>sorie~itar,;io intellectual e conscrlnpnte ~rr~(iossiliili<strong>da</strong>dc dc illtelro curnprllllellto <strong>de</strong> sllas fnncyitcs, qunlqner cllic srjn o csliirip tic him-vnnta<strong>de</strong>. 2 Esta ~ I V I S ~ tern, O entre nbs, algi~mns raiars I~~sloricas, corno tivgrllos occasiLto <strong>de</strong> dizer: c encontra-se caniplelaniwle realiza<strong>da</strong> crll 1,ishoa e Porto, on<strong>de</strong> ha tril~unnes organicamcotft d~rcrsos llara as C ~ U Y civcis, ~ S para :IS eornnlcrciaes e para as crnninncs, e, ~r'estas c111 pal,te, para n instluac:io e para o julpamcoto.- g, 11nri.ui. cor~o clue o alargamento d'cssa niedi<strong>da</strong> n todo o pais cnco~~t~arin, uo mo-
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Synthese das ~releqses do Ex? Sr. D
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C.APITUI.O IT Rela~oes entre o pode
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96. Concllls~o : farictBo, cnrncter
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2. J,OIJRI' qlle a orga~~ira~io j11
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li~lom:~ e por outros qiie o ~orl~p
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1:ni o rll~i! ox I I I ~ ~ ~ ~ YICO
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A cvolur;8o ria orgauiza~Xo j~tdici
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B a~pella~.Xo, ell1 priacipio, 6 pe
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conseilnencia a imniobiliilarle e a
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ser lcsnrlo, ncln n collccti.ridade
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ilidr~z, a 1150 sw 110s oasos oxccl
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Net11 obsta a circnmstancia cle, 1x
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11ro~,itlencia.s Go sosceptiveis rl
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Ora esses principios cle dimito nat
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llierarcllia juilicial e sc~~l a me
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1789 oste Y~~IIII i? Ioi jutlici:ll
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Este pollto n"n oofforoco rlilvicla
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110s tnn~l,iiuc~ltas tiit ~lictntla
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As questBes d'orclem arln~inistrati
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denta,es, taes conlo as do regnlame
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.Historia do organis~no judicial po
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I'ostei,iu~.~nontr, rlircrsos reis,
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IllS'I'. DO ORGAN. JIJDIC. PORT. NA
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86 1IISr. DO ORGAN. JtJDIC. PORT. N
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d l p ~ e i e ~ nrliiurn, ~ ta.~lih
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ni -- IllSr. DO OIIGAN. JlJIliC. PO
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cnsinal* nos jnizes o mollo como tl
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,\ssim, nr~s tcrras cutitadas ou l~
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LUG IIlS'l'. DO OllGAN. JUDIC. POI\
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210 MIST. DO ORGAN. JUDIC. PORT. NA
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114 Ills?.. IlO ORGAN. JUlllC. POII
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d 18 IIIST. DO ORGAN. JUDIC. PORT.
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424 HIST. DO OHG,\N. JUDIC. I'OL1T.
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;I ~loLrczn c o elero relomaram a j
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1 IIlST. DO OnGAS. JUDlC. PORT. NA
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1 : IllSl'. [I0 ORGAN. JUDIC. PORT.
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:Is :~~~,ril)uiqGes ct~nt~:ncios;ls
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14 4 IIIST. DO OIlGbN. JUDIC. POI1T
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A constilrtip?io permittia aioda, n
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senleupas pcla jnstipa, qua~~do n5o
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A carta foi jurada. Fizeram-se 3s e
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160 HIST. DO ORGAN. JUDIC. PORT. NA
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teslemsnll;ts, coulra~lictnr as rlo
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172 IIlSl'. DO OHGAN. JUDlC. POnT.
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punicao, qxar o grau maxirno, rnkdi
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180 HIST. DO onGA?r. JUUlC. PORT. N
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APPENDICE 119. Nota ftllal sobre or
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1\Ioal~'inii1~ o Novo, Redn~~tlo, R
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ec,orrer-se ynra o S. T, Adm. Assim