Field ArTillery - US Army Center Of Military History

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80 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of field arTillery 10-inch disappearing gun manually by a crank and mounted on a wheeled horse-drawn carriage. In 1866, the Army adopted the Gatling gun, which was designed to defend buildings, causeways, and bridges. 19 Like the 3-inch Ordnance gun and Napoleon, the Gatling gun was more valuable in the defense than the offense. Another weapon accepted by the Ordnance Department was the Hotchkiss gun, named for its inventor Benjamin B. Hotchkiss. The gun was a built-up, rifled, rapid-firing weapon of oil-tempered steel. It had five firing barrels, and a mechanically turned crank ejected its shells. Although the War Department expressed much interest in the Hotchkiss gun, it remained an auxiliary weapon. 20 Because of a lack of funding to develop new field artillery weapons and because of the large number of 3-inch Ordnance rifles left from the Civil War, the Ordnance Department decided to convert a number of them into breechloaders. The first of these converted guns, which had to be rebored to 3.18 inches to fit modern ammunition, appeared, along with a new steel carriage, in 1879. At this time, the Ordnance Board recommended that these guns be issued to a battery for competitive field trials against a battery of muzzleloaders. The results were so favorable to the 19 Ernest F. Fisher, “Weapons and Equipment Evolution and Its Influence Upon the Organization and Tactics in the American Army From 1775–1963,” p. 41, copy in CMH files; George M. Chinn, The Machine Gun, 5 vols. (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951–87), 1:48, 54. 20 Birkhimer, Historical Sketch, pp. 294–95; Chinn, Machine Gun, 1:71–78.
diverging missiOns The Gatling Guns, July 1, 1898, by Charles Johnson Post breechloaders that the following year six converted wrought-iron breechloaders (designated as 3.2-inch) were issued to the troops for tests in actual service. 21 In 1881, a board of seven artillery officers, headed by Col. John C. Tidball, convened in Washington to consider recent innovations in materiel for field batteries. The board recommended improved field guns and a short steel mortar or howitzer for high-angle fire, noting that the low trajectory of contemporary field guns was of little value against entrenchments, rifle pits, forts, and any temporary cover used by soldiers. It accepted the breechloading mechanism modifications already begun, but also proposed new steel designs in two sizes for future development: a light gun similar in size to the 3-inch Ordnance rifle and a heavier piece similar in size to the 20-pounder Parrott used as a siege gun in the Civil War. The board also sought the addition of telescopic sights and new carriages that would allow sufficient elevation for curved fire. As the Chief of Ordnance, General Benét directed his department to develop the lighter gun and its carriage, with work on the heavier gun to follow. The Ordnance Department was successful, and the new 3.2-inch steel breechloading gun with its carriage containing spring recoil brakes was completed in 1885. 21 Annual Report of the Secretary of War, 1879, 3:9, 179; ibid., 1881, 3:503; Konrad F. Schreier, Jr., “The U.S. Army 3.2-Inch Field Gun,” Military Collector & Historian 24 (Fall 1972): 77. 81
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The Organizational History of Field
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Civil War Flag (nonregulation), wit
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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FOREWORD The Organizational History
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used to defend fixed positions. Thi
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CONTENTS Chapter Page 1. THE BEGINN
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Chapter xv Page ABBREVIATIONS AND A
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Chapter xvii Page Sound-ranging equ
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Field Artillery 1775-2003
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4 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of fie
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10 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of fi
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Regimental Staff Table 3—Artiller
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Page 103 and 104: diverging missiOns of War William C
Page 105 and 106: diverging missiOns high-angle fire
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Page 118 and 119: Direct Fire Gun A Aiming Point Diag
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Table 11—Field Artillery Pieces R
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Table 12—Field Artillery Transpor
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134 THE ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORY OF F
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CHAPTER 7 World War II Developments
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wOrld war ii 159 blow, and the thir
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wOrld war ii L-4 from the 29th Infa
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wOrld war ii 163 authorized six 105
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wOrld war ii Airborne troops loadin
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wOrld war ii 167 artillery battalio
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wOrld war ii Table 16—Principal A
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wOrld war ii Table 17—Nondivision
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wOrld war ii Destroyer Training Cen
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Firing 4.5-inch rockets in the Hür
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wOrld war ii 177 of division artil
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wOrld war ii 179 the for mer was pr
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wOrld war ii 15th Field Artillery O
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wOrld war ii as well, passed missio
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wOrld war ii 185 photographs), and
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wOrld war ii 187 After nearly six y
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190 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of f
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CHAPTER 9 The Nuclear Arena The Kor
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The nUclear arena 211 time that rad
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The nUclear arena Honest John rocke
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The nUclear arena Corporal missile
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The nUclear arena 217 and firepower
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The nUclear arena 219 In light of n
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The nUclear arena 221 the missile c
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The nUclear arena Lacrosse missile
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The nUclear arena 225 cost over $10
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The nUclear arena his proposal the
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The nUclear arena Little John rocke
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The nUclear arena 231 fire it withi
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The nUclear arena 233 for rapid che
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The nUclear arena Lance missile 235
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The nUclear arena 237 By the end of
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The nUclear arena 239 In the late 1
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Table 23—Field Artillery Rockets
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CHAPTER 10 The Road to Flexible Res
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse 245 a
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Table 24—Comparison of Divisional
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse 249 p
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse Chart
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse Chart
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Chart 4—Reorganization of Regimen
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse 257 d
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse HHB C
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse reorg
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse M18 f
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse UH-1D
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CHAPTER 11 Vietnam During the 1950s
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vieTnam Table 25—Field Artillery
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vieTnam CH-54 Tarhe lifting a 155-m
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vieTnam 8-inch howitzer from Batter
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vieTnam 275 At each maneuver comman
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CH-47 Chinook transporting the M102
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vieTnam 279 ployed to Vietnam in la
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vieTnam 281 arose. A field artiller
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vieTnam ments were authorized, usin
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Table 26—Field Artillery Reductio
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Appendix A—Chiefs of Field Artill
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aPPendiX Maj. Gen. John A. Dubia 15
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Field ArTillery - US Army Center Of Military History

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