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308 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of field arTillery HHB Chart 11—Light Division Artillery Organization, 1983 DIV ARTY 105-mm. HOW BN (Towed) Note: The 155-mm. howitzer battery was not authorized for the airborne and air assault divisions. of the divisions was to have no more than 12,700 soldiers and be transportable in fewer than five hundred airlifts. 65 Originally approved under the Division 86 concept, the armored and mechanized infantry (heavy) division were restructured rather than redesigned, the main objective being to lighten the divisions by about 2,000 soldiers. The 8-inch self-propelled howitzer bat talion was moved to the corps level, sound-and-flash platoons were eliminated from the target acquisition battery, howitzer crews were reduced, and rocket batteries were added. The AOE heavy division artillery thus comprised a headquarters and headquarters battery, a target acquisition battery, three 155-mm. self-propelled howitzer battalions (three batteries each, with eight howitzers in each battery), and a rocket battery for general support (Chart 12). The 2d Infantry Division in Korea was to have a structure tailored for its mission based on the AOE standard heavy division artillery. The 9th Infantry Division was also authorized a specially tailored structure. 66 Although the 8-inch howitzer had a slow rate of fire and low survivability, its transfer to the corps eliminated the division’s primary tactical nuclear capability and to a large extent reduced its counterfire capability. United States Army Europe planners argued that the howitzers should be retained in the divisions because of the superiority in numbers of Warsaw Pact artillery pieces and that the reduction of tubes at the division level would aggravate an already inferior position. A reduction in the number of crew members for the 155-mm. howitzer increased the time needed to emplace and displace the pieces, and it diminished crew flexibility. Deletion of the sound-and-flash platoon eliminated the division’s only capability for passive 65 Voigt, “Much Ado,” pp. 28–30. 66 Wilson, Maneuver and Firepower, p. 401; Romjue, Army of Excellence, p. 49. 155-mm. HOW BTRY (Towed)
mOdernizaTiOn effOrTs HHB Chart 12—AOE Heavy Division Artillery Organization, 1983 TA BTRY DIV ARTY 155-mm. HOW BN, SP MLRS BTRY TA = Target Acquisition MLRS = Multiple-Launch Rocket System 309 detection of enemy systems. 67 Again, the difficulty of creating one artillery structure for both the European and non-European theaters proved troublesome. The reduction of the heavy division resulted in a concomitant corps expansion. The corps artillery structure conceived to operate with Division 86 organizations had insufficient resources to operate with the AOE divisions. A new AOE corps artillery structure featured increased brigade strengths, an “up-gunning” of six-howitzer to eight-howitzer batteries, the addition of a rocket bat talion, and the reinstitution of the corps target acquisition bat talion and the corps headquarters and headquarters bat tery. Thus, the reliance for fire support in depth shifted back from the division to the corps. 68 When the MLRS concept was first developed, Army planners determined that the minimum allocation of launchers per division should be twenty-seven, to be organized in one three-battery battalion. Force structure constraints precluded fielding that number of battalions, however, and only one nine-launcher battery was assigned to each division and one 27-launcher battalion to each corps. Such an organiza tion could provide for the habitual attachment of one of the corps bat teries to a division, thus supplying eighteen launchers to each division. Of the eighteen divisions active in the mid-1980s, twelve were authorized rocket batteries and each of the five corps was authorized a battalion. The light divisions were not authorized the new rocket system. 69 67 TRADOC Annual Historical Rpt, FY 1983, pp. 359, 388; Romjue, Army of Excellence, p. 49. 68 TRADOC Annual Historical Rpt, FY 1980, pp. 381–82; ibid., FY 1983, p. 403; ibid., 1 Oct 1983–31 Dec 1986, p. 72; Romjue, History of Army 86, 2:144–45. 69 Roger L. McCormick, “More on How To Use MLRS,” Field Artillery Journal, November- December 1984, p. 4.
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The Organizational History of Field
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Civil War Flag (nonregulation), wit
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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FOREWORD The Organizational History
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used to defend fixed positions. Thi
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CONTENTS Chapter Page 1. THE BEGINN
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Chapter xv Page ABBREVIATIONS AND A
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Chapter xvii Page Sound-ranging equ
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Field Artillery 1775-2003
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4 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of fie
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10 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of fi
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Regimental Staff Table 3—Artiller
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Battle of Palo Alto by Klauprecht &
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Table 6—Standard Field Pieces Use
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Table 8—Artillery Organization, A
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Table 9—Artillery Organization, A
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CHAPTER 4 Diverging Missions Betwee
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diverging missiOns tactics for infa
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diverging missiOns possibili ties o
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diverging missiOns The Gatling Guns
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diverging missiOns of War William C
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diverging missiOns high-angle fire
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Table 10—Artillery Organization,
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diverging missiOns Artillery in act
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diverging missiOns Artillery in act
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diverging missiOns Although neglect
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Direct Fire Gun A Aiming Point Diag
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100 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of f
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126 THE ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORY OF F
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Table 11—Field Artillery Pieces R
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Table 12—Field Artillery Transpor
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CHAPTER 7 World War II Developments
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wOrld war ii 159 blow, and the thir
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wOrld war ii L-4 from the 29th Infa
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wOrld war ii 163 authorized six 105
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wOrld war ii Airborne troops loadin
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wOrld war ii 167 artillery battalio
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wOrld war ii Table 16—Principal A
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wOrld war ii Table 17—Nondivision
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wOrld war ii Destroyer Training Cen
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Firing 4.5-inch rockets in the Hür
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wOrld war ii 177 of division artil
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wOrld war ii 179 the for mer was pr
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wOrld war ii 15th Field Artillery O
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wOrld war ii as well, passed missio
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wOrld war ii 185 photographs), and
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wOrld war ii 187 After nearly six y
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CHAPTER 9 The Nuclear Arena The Kor
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The nUclear arena 211 time that rad
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The nUclear arena Honest John rocke
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The nUclear arena Corporal missile
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The nUclear arena 217 and firepower
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The nUclear arena 219 In light of n
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The nUclear arena 221 the missile c
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The nUclear arena Lacrosse missile
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The nUclear arena 225 cost over $10
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The nUclear arena his proposal the
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The nUclear arena Little John rocke
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The nUclear arena 231 fire it withi
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The nUclear arena 233 for rapid che
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The nUclear arena Lance missile 235
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The nUclear arena 237 By the end of
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The nUclear arena 239 In the late 1
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Table 23—Field Artillery Rockets
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CHAPTER 10 The Road to Flexible Res
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse 245 a
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Table 24—Comparison of Divisional
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse 249 p
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse Chart
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse Chart
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Chart 4—Reorganization of Regimen
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