Field ArTillery - US Army Center Of Military History

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240 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of field arTillery system remained the responsibility of the Army, while the ground-launched cruise missile was assigned to the Air Force. 75 The Defense Department approved full-scale engineering devel opment of the Pershing II, which was deployed in the same manner as the Pershing Ia. In addition to its greater range and increased accuracy, the new Pershing had lower operating and support costs, plus improved flexibility in employ ment because of lower warhead yields and the earth-penetrator option. Under the 57-month engineering development program, which began in February 1979, it was estimated that a full-scale production decision would not be made before 1985, but in mid-1979 Secretary of Defense Harold Brown ordered an initial operating capability in 1983 rather than the previously planned December 1984. 76 The new Pershing became operational in December 1983. The missile had a range of 1,200 miles (1,930.8 kilometers), an improved warhead, and rapid emplacement and displacement times. But in December 1987, the United States and the Soviet Union signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, which spelled the end of the Pershing. The missiles were phased out gradually, and the last of the Pershing battalions was inactivated in 1991 (Table 23). 77 End of an Era In the mid-1980s, twelve field artillery missile battalions were on active duty in the Regular Army, four Pershing and eight Lance. None was organized in either the Army Reserve or Army National Guard. All but three, which were at Fort Sill, were serving in Europe with the NATO forces. 78 Al though the Pershing was operating under SACEUR because of its long-range and nuclear warhead, the Pershing II, with its superior accuracy and expanded operational capability, was recommended for use in the tactical arena, at least at the shorter ranges. The Lance provided the battlefield commander the flexibility for a short-range missile with a powerful punch, using either nuclear or high-explosive warheads. Its rapid mobil ity and accu racy extended the commander’s artillery range capability consid erably. But the INF Treaty, which took effect on 1 June 1988, signified the death of field artil lery’s strategic nuclear role in the Cold War. The Pershing was eliminated. The Army expected the new multi ple-launch rocket system (MLRS) to take over the Lance missile’s conven tional role, freeing that weapon for nuclear use, but when the president ordered the withdrawal of all nuclear weapons in Europe in 1990, the MLRS and the new Army tactical missile system (ATACMS) replaced the Lance altogether. 75 Hearings on Military Posture and H.R. 10929, pt. 3, 1:728–32; “AUSA Reports on 1979 Defense Budget,” Pentagram News, 30 November 1978, p. 9; Army Times, 30 October 1978, p. 2. 76 “Pershing II Go-Ahead,” p. 315; “The New Pershing II,” Casemate Chronicle, October 1980, pp. 22–23; Benjamin F. Schemmer, “New Hardware Bow Wave Dries Army Budget, Jeopardizes Efficient Buys and Even Its Missions,” Armed Forces Journal International, June 1979, pp. 20–21, 58–59. 77 USAFAC and Fort Sill Annual Command History, 1991, pp. 232–38, FA School files and copy in CMH files. 78 One battery from one of the Lance battalions at Fort Sill deployed to Korea in 1988; see PO 323–599, USAFAC and Fort Sill, 19 Nov 87.
Table 23—Field Artillery Rockets and Missiles, 1954–1992 Length Min/Max Ranges Rocket/Missile Operational (Feet) (Statute Miles) Propulsion Assignment Comments Honest John 1954–79 25 4–25 Solid, rocket Corps/Army/Division Replaced by Lance Corporal 1955–64 45 30–80 Liquid fuel Corps/Army Replaced by Sergeant Redstone 1958–64 70 60–200 Liquid fuel (2 stage) Army Replaced by Pershing Lacrosse 1960–63 19 5–20 Solid propellant Corps Mission assumed by 175-mm. gun, 8-inch howitzer, and Honest John Little John 1961–68 14 2–12+ Solid rocket Airborne division and Mission assumed by aircraft, other light troops cannon artillery, and Lance Sergeant 1962–77 35 30–85 Solid propellant Corps/Army Replaced by Lance Pershing I/Ia 1964–83 35 115–460 Solid propellant Army/Theater Replaced by Pershing II Lance 1973–92 20 5–80 Solid propellant Corps Replaced by rocket artillery (prepackaged) and tactical missiles (ATACMS) Pershing II 1983–91 35 60–1,100 Solid propellant Theater Destroyed under INF Treaty
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The Organizational History of Field
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Civil War Flag (nonregulation), wit
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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FOREWORD The Organizational History
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used to defend fixed positions. Thi
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CONTENTS Chapter Page 1. THE BEGINN
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Chapter xv Page ABBREVIATIONS AND A
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Chapter xvii Page Sound-ranging equ
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Field Artillery 1775-2003
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4 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of fie
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10 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of fi
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Regimental Staff Table 3—Artiller
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Battle of Palo Alto by Klauprecht &
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Table 6—Standard Field Pieces Use
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Table 8—Artillery Organization, A
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Table 9—Artillery Organization, A
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CHAPTER 4 Diverging Missions Betwee
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diverging missiOns tactics for infa
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diverging missiOns possibili ties o
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diverging missiOns The Gatling Guns
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diverging missiOns of War William C
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diverging missiOns high-angle fire
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Table 10—Artillery Organization,
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diverging missiOns Artillery in act
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diverging missiOns Artillery in act
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diverging missiOns Although neglect
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Direct Fire Gun A Aiming Point Diag
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100 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of f
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126 THE ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORY OF F
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Table 11—Field Artillery Pieces R
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Table 12—Field Artillery Transpor
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CHAPTER 7 World War II Developments
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wOrld war ii 159 blow, and the thir
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wOrld war ii L-4 from the 29th Infa
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wOrld war ii 163 authorized six 105
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wOrld war ii Airborne troops loadin
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wOrld war ii 167 artillery battalio
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wOrld war ii Table 16—Principal A
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wOrld war ii Table 17—Nondivision
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wOrld war ii Destroyer Training Cen
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Firing 4.5-inch rockets in the Hür
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wOrld war ii 177 of division artil
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wOrld war ii 179 the for mer was pr
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wOrld war ii 15th Field Artillery O
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wOrld war ii as well, passed missio
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wOrld war ii 185 photographs), and
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wOrld war ii 187 After nearly six y
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Table 26—Field Artillery Reductio
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Appendix A—Chiefs of Field Artill
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aPPendiX Maj. Gen. John A. Dubia 15
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Field ArTillery - US Army Center Of Military History

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