Field ArTillery - US Army Center Of Military History

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198 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of field arTillery when the units were seriously understrength, and eventually provided cadres for ROK artillery units. 21 A call-up of the reserve components into active service furnished yet another source of manpower. The majority of units called up from the Army Reserve and Army National Guard replaced units in the United States that had been deployed overseas or went to Europe. Units sent to Korea included two infantry divisions from the National Guard, the 40th and 45th, each having the usual four field artillery battalions. By the end of the war, thirty-three nondivisional field artillery battalions had been called into federal service from the National Guard, of which twelve saw action in Korea. Most of the field artillery support from the Army Reserve came from individuals rather than from units, but thirteen reserve battalions were placed on active duty, two of which served in Korea. 22 Field artillery weapons used in Korea included the standard calibers, with the weapons of the divisional light and medium battalions furnishing most of the fire against personnel and the corps artillery weapons concentrating primarily on materiel targets. The speed, flexibility, and volume of 105-mm. howitzer fire were extremely important in halting massed enemy attacks. The 155-mm. howitzer, the most versatile weapon, could also deliver effective volume fire, and its range accuracy and increased projectile weight fitted it for many destruction missions not requiring a heavier caliber or longer range. The 155-mm. gun was the least popular and least versatile field artillery piece used in Korea. Its longer range, however, somewhat compen sated for its relative inaccuracies. It was an excellent field piece for use in forcing back or pushing underground enemy supply points, bivouacs, and command posts, which otherwise would have operated more freely aboveground and closer to the front. The use of the proximity fuze, introduced in World War II, in creased the effectiveness of the 155-mm. gun, as it also strengthened the effective ness of the other field pieces. Although the 8-inch howitzer could destroy or neutralize most fortified artillery positions, the exceptions were suffi cient reason to convert two battalions to 240-mm. how itzer units, the 240-mm. howitzer having a heavier and more powerful projectile. The 8-inch howitzer was a particularly good weapon for observed counterbattery fire and was used extensively against enemy strongpoints. The 240-mm. howitzer was employed only during the last three months of the war, but it lived up to expectations through its ability to destroy or neutralize strong bunkers and cave-type emplacements. There was a question, how ever, as to whether it was economical to use such expensive equipment when it could deliver only ninety rounds per day. 23 21 David C. Skaggs, “The KATUSA Experiment,” Military Affairs 38 (April 1974): 54–58; “A Study of the Employment and Effectiveness of the Artillery With the Eighth Army During the Period October 1951–July 1953,” pp. 5–6, copy in CMH files. 22 “Induction and Release of Army National Guard Units, 1950–1956,” copy in CMH files; list of Army Reserve units ordered into active military service during the Korean War, copy in CMH files. In 1952, the term Army Reserve replaced the term Organized Reserve Corps and is used throughout the paragraph for clarity. The two Army Reserve battalions were the 424th and 780th Field Artil lery Battalions. 23 “Employment and Effectiveness of the Artillery with the Eighth Army,” pp. 2–3, copy in CMH files.
155-mm. howitzer crew of the 160th Field Artillery Battalion (above) and selfpropelled 155-mm. gun crew of Battery C, 204th Field Artillery Battalion (below), firing at enemy positions north of Yang-gu and north of Yonch’on
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The Organizational History of Field
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Civil War Flag (nonregulation), wit
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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FOREWORD The Organizational History
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used to defend fixed positions. Thi
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CONTENTS Chapter Page 1. THE BEGINN
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Chapter xv Page ABBREVIATIONS AND A
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Chapter xvii Page Sound-ranging equ
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Field Artillery 1775-2003
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4 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of fie
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10 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of fi
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Regimental Staff Table 3—Artiller
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Battle of Palo Alto by Klauprecht &
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Table 6—Standard Field Pieces Use
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Table 8—Artillery Organization, A
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Table 9—Artillery Organization, A
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CHAPTER 4 Diverging Missions Betwee
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diverging missiOns tactics for infa
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diverging missiOns possibili ties o
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diverging missiOns The Gatling Guns
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diverging missiOns of War William C
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diverging missiOns high-angle fire
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Table 10—Artillery Organization,
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diverging missiOns Artillery in act
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diverging missiOns Artillery in act
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diverging missiOns Although neglect
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Direct Fire Gun A Aiming Point Diag
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100 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of f
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126 THE ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORY OF F
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Table 11—Field Artillery Pieces R
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Table 12—Field Artillery Transpor
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse 249 p
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse Chart
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse Chart
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Chart 4—Reorganization of Regimen
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse 257 d
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse reorg
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse M18 f
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse UH-1D
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CHAPTER 11 Vietnam During the 1950s
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vieTnam Table 25—Field Artillery
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vieTnam CH-54 Tarhe lifting a 155-m
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vieTnam 8-inch howitzer from Batter
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vieTnam 275 At each maneuver comman
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CH-47 Chinook transporting the M102
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vieTnam 279 ployed to Vietnam in la
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vieTnam 281 arose. A field artiller
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vieTnam ments were authorized, usin
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Table 26—Field Artillery Reductio
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Appendix A—Chiefs of Field Artill
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aPPendiX Maj. Gen. John A. Dubia 15
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Field ArTillery - US Army Center Of Military History

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