Field ArTillery - US Army Center Of Military History

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Table 18—Third Army Field Artillery Organization, 1 October 1942 Non-Corps IV Corps VIII Corps X Corps 1 FA Brigade, with 1 FA Brigade, with 1 FA Brigade, with 1 FA Brigade, with 1 155-mm. Gun Regt 1 155-mm. Gun Regt 1 155-mm. Gun Regt 1 155-mm. Gun Regt 2 155-mm. How Regts 2 155-mm. Gun Regts 2 155-mm. How Regts 2 155-mm. How Regts 1 Observation Bn 1 Observation Bn 1 155-mm. How Regt 1 105-mm. How Regt 4 105-mm. How Bns Table 19—Third Army Field Artillery Organization, 10 November 1943 Non-Corps VIII Corps IX Corps X Corps XVIII Corps XIX Corps 1 HHB, FA Gp 1 HHB, Corps Arty 1 HHB, Corps Arty 1 HHB, Corps Arty 1 HHB, Corps Arty 1 HHB, Corps Arty 2 155-mm. How Bns 1 Observation Bn 1 Observation Bn 1 Observation Bn 1 Observation Bn 1 Observation Bn 2 HHB, FA Gps 4 HHB, FA Gps 2 HHB, FA Gps 4 HHB, FA Gps 4 155-mm. Gun Bns 4 155-mm. Gun Bns 2 155-mm. Gun Bn s 2 155-mm. Gun Bns 1 155-mm. How Bns 8 155-mm. How Bns 2 155-mm. How Bns 4 155-mm. How Bns 5 105-mm. How Bns 2 105-mm. How Bns 4 4.5-inch Gun Bns
wOrld war ii 179 the for mer was preferred. Such flexibility would not have been pos sible under the old fixed corps artillery bri gade struc ture. For exam ple, in July 1944, when the First Army launched an attack to break out of Normandy, the VIII Corps Artillery was centralized in order to act as a “direct pressure force” in the early phases of the corps effort. But on 1 August, the four groups of the VIII Corps Artillery were decen tralized by attach ing them to divisions in order to render the divisions the most effective support. 36 The group headquarters was the organ ization that provided the corps artillery commander the capability of employing his resources in the most effective and flexi ble manner. It could perform as a second corps artillery fire direction center, as a control headquarters for field artillery attached or in direct support of a task force, as a subordinate tactical head quarters of the corps in controlling battalions with similar missions, and as a tactical headquarters to assist the division artillery headquarters when several nondivisional artillery battalions were attached to the division. The group’s flexibility, both in tactics and in organization, enabled the artillery commander to meet his requirements. 37 One defect in the group structure was the lack of continuity of command. Mindful of the problem, the War Department in 1944 issued Circular 439, advocating that battalions serve with specific groups, if feasible, to enhance the continuity of command and to improve morale; however, by the time the circular reached the theaters, the commanders had become too accustomed to enjoying the group’s flexibility and in most instances opted not to make any substantive changes in their routine. 38 The group organizational concept had limited use in the Pacific, where divisions played a more important role than corps. As a whole, the nature of jungle warfare, the limited size of island operations, and the policy of defeating Germany first restricted employment of field artillery there. Army nondivisional field artillery units within the Pacific area were almost non existent until 1944. When the 32d Infantry Division partici pated in the Buna operation on New Guinea, the divi sion artillery remained in Australia on the premise that artillery other than pack howitzers could not be used and that Buna could be taken without field artillery support by using air support and infantry mortars. The assumption was an error, and support had to be obtained by borrowing artillery from the Australian 7th Division. Although nondivisional Army field artillery units were not used on Guadalcanal, the XIV Corps Artillery commander coordinated the artillery battalions of the Americal, 25th Infantry, and 2d Marine Divisions to maximize field artillery support. From this point on, field artillery played a more important role in the Pacific. While the groups were few in number, they contributed significantly to the effective sup port of the maneuver units. In the campaign on Okinawa in 1945, the employment of nondivisional artillery was widespread because of the large number of such units available on a fairly large battle area with strongly organized defenses and because of the growing aware ness of the value of artillery 36 Ibid., pp. 69–72 (quoted words, p. 70). See also Bailey, Field Artillery and Firepower, pp. 312–13, 324. 37 Weathersby, “Field Artillery Group,” thesis, pp. 85–86. 38 Ibid., pp. 91–92; WD Cir 439, 14 Nov 1944; USFET Study no. 65, pp. 17–19, copy in CMH files.
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The Organizational History of Field
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Civil War Flag (nonregulation), wit
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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FOREWORD The Organizational History
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used to defend fixed positions. Thi
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CONTENTS Chapter Page 1. THE BEGINN
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Chapter xv Page ABBREVIATIONS AND A
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Chapter xvii Page Sound-ranging equ
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Field Artillery 1775-2003
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4 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of fie
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10 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of fi
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Regimental Staff Table 3—Artiller
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Battle of Palo Alto by Klauprecht &
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Table 6—Standard Field Pieces Use
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Table 8—Artillery Organization, A
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Table 9—Artillery Organization, A
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CHAPTER 4 Diverging Missions Betwee
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diverging missiOns tactics for infa
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diverging missiOns possibili ties o
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diverging missiOns The Gatling Guns
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diverging missiOns of War William C
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diverging missiOns high-angle fire
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Table 10—Artillery Organization,
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diverging missiOns Artillery in act
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diverging missiOns Artillery in act
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diverging missiOns Although neglect
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Direct Fire Gun A Aiming Point Diag
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100 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of f
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126 THE ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORY OF F
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The nUclear arena Little John rocke
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The nUclear arena 231 fire it withi
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The nUclear arena 233 for rapid che
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The nUclear arena Lance missile 235
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The nUclear arena 237 By the end of
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The nUclear arena 239 In the late 1
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Table 23—Field Artillery Rockets
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CHAPTER 10 The Road to Flexible Res
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse 245 a
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Table 24—Comparison of Divisional
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse 249 p
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse Chart
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse Chart
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Chart 4—Reorganization of Regimen
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse 257 d
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse HHB C
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse reorg
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse M18 f
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse UH-1D
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CHAPTER 11 Vietnam During the 1950s
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vieTnam Table 25—Field Artillery
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vieTnam CH-54 Tarhe lifting a 155-m
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vieTnam 8-inch howitzer from Batter
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vieTnam 275 At each maneuver comman
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CH-47 Chinook transporting the M102
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vieTnam 279 ployed to Vietnam in la
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vieTnam 281 arose. A field artiller
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vieTnam ments were authorized, usin
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Table 26—Field Artillery Reductio
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Appendix A—Chiefs of Field Artill
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aPPendiX Maj. Gen. John A. Dubia 15
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Field ArTillery - US Army Center Of Military History

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