Field ArTillery - US Army Center Of Military History

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Table 8—Artillery Organization, Army of the Potomac, May 1864 Guns per Battery Unit No. Type Batteries Total Guns II Corps 6 Napoleons 5 30 6 3-inch rifles 4 24 V Corps 6 Napoleons 4 24 6 3-inch rifles 3 18 6 10-pounder Parrotts 1 6 VI Corps 6 Napoleons 4 24 6 3-inch rifles 3 18 6 10-pounder Parrotts 1 6 1st Brigade, 4 Napoleons 2 8 Horse Artillery 6 3-inch rifles 4 24 2d Brigade, 4 Napoleons 2 8 Horse Artillery 4 3-inch guns 1 4 6 6-inch guns 3 18 2d Brigade, 6 20-pounder Parrotts 1 6 Artillery Reserve 6 10-pounder Parrotts 2 12 6 Napoleons 1 6 4 Napoleons 1 4 4 3-inch rifles 1 4 3d Brigade, 6 3-inch rifles 1 6 Artillery Reserve 4 3-inch rifles 2 8 6 Napoleons 2 12 4 Napoleons 1 4 Total 49 274 * * In addition, the 15th New York Foot Artillery Regiment had eight 24-pounder Coehorn mortars.
The civil war brigades created when the reserve was broken up had proved unwieldy, and in any case, the corps were used to sending their equipment to the reserve for repair (Table 9). 55 By this time, the artillery reserve had become a means of resupply, maintenance, and reinforcement rather than a vital source of battlefield firepower. From Mobile to Static Warfare Although there were already enough rifles in the hands of the infantry at the beginning of the Civil War to make a significant impact on the battlefield, neither the North nor the South was as well supplied with field artillery pieces. On 21 January 1861, the U.S. Army listed 4,167 artillery pieces on hand, but only 163 were serviceable field guns and howitzers. During the war, Northern factories produced 7,892 cannon, of which 1,156 were Napoleons. Once production in the North caught up with the demand for guns, the Union was able to put foreign weapons aside to simplify ammunition supply. The Confederacy did not have as broad an industrial base, although some foundries did exist, and the most notable, the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia, continued to produce artillery pieces until near the end of the war. To supple ment their manufactured pieces, the Southerners made extensive use of captured Union pieces, especially 3-inch rifles and 10-pounder Parrotts. They also purchased weapons from abroad until the Union blockade virtually eliminated that source. Of the imported cannon, most came from England—the Whitworth, Armstrong, and Blakely models. 56 The science of coastal defense had been static until the Civil War demonstrated the inability of the older brick and masonry forts to withstand modern firepower and the advantages of using rifled cast-iron gun tubes and wrought-iron carriages. Earthworks, properly constructed, proved more effective than brick and masonry. The augmentation of naval forces in support of land forces and the placement of underwater obstructions and mines gave greater depth to coastal defenses. The use of rifled artillery did not surpass that of smoothbores in the field, but in forts and garrisons rifled guns were much more effective. Great progress had been made in casting heavy, rifled iron gun tubes and favorable reports by American observers of Russian experiments stimulated the introduction of wrought-iron carriages. The iron guns had many advantages over the older, smoothbore pieces mounted on wooden carriages. Fewer men were needed to crew the big iron fortress guns as they could be elevated and depressed easily, and the carriages had interchangeable parts. Iron withstood damage better than wood and bronze and, when positioned within casemated walls or earthworks or protected by turrets or shields, could endure heavy battering. Also, the greater accuracy of rifled guns gave fortress batteries a marked advantage over ships armed with smoothbore artillery. 57 55 Birkhimer, Historical Sketch, p. 89. 56 Harold L. Peterson, Notes on Ordnance of the American Civil War, 1861–1865 (Washington, D.C.: American Ordnance Association, 1959), pp. 8, 13. It has been estimated that two-thirds of the artillery in the South was captured from Union troops. 57 Jay Luvaas, The Military Legacy of the Civil War (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959), pp. 25, 30, 34, 39, 44, 68. 76–77. 69
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The Organizational History of Field
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Civil War Flag (nonregulation), wit
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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FOREWORD The Organizational History
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used to defend fixed positions. Thi
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CONTENTS Chapter Page 1. THE BEGINN
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Chapter xv Page ABBREVIATIONS AND A
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Chapter xvii Page Sound-ranging equ
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Field Artillery 1775-2003
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4 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of fie
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10 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of fi
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Page 48 and 49: Regimental Staff Table 3—Artiller
Page 62 and 63: Battle of Palo Alto by Klauprecht &
Page 72 and 73: Table 6—Standard Field Pieces Use
Page 90 and 91: Table 9—Artillery Organization, A
Page 95 and 96: CHAPTER 4 Diverging Missions Betwee
Page 97 and 98: diverging missiOns tactics for infa
Page 99 and 100: diverging missiOns possibili ties o
Page 101 and 102: diverging missiOns The Gatling Guns
Page 103 and 104: diverging missiOns of War William C
Page 105 and 106: diverging missiOns high-angle fire
Page 107 and 108: Table 10—Artillery Organization,
Page 109 and 110: diverging missiOns Artillery in act
Page 111 and 112: diverging missiOns Artillery in act
Page 113: diverging missiOns Although neglect
Page 118 and 119: Direct Fire Gun A Aiming Point Diag
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118 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of f
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126 THE ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORY OF F
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Table 11—Field Artillery Pieces R
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Table 12—Field Artillery Transpor
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CHAPTER 7 World War II Developments
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wOrld war ii 159 blow, and the thir
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wOrld war ii L-4 from the 29th Infa
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wOrld war ii 163 authorized six 105
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wOrld war ii Airborne troops loadin
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wOrld war ii 167 artillery battalio
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wOrld war ii Table 16—Principal A
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wOrld war ii Table 17—Nondivision
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wOrld war ii Destroyer Training Cen
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Firing 4.5-inch rockets in the Hür
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wOrld war ii 177 of division artil
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wOrld war ii 179 the for mer was pr
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wOrld war ii 15th Field Artillery O
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wOrld war ii as well, passed missio
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wOrld war ii 185 photographs), and
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wOrld war ii 187 After nearly six y
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CHAPTER 9 The Nuclear Arena The Kor
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The nUclear arena 211 time that rad
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The nUclear arena Honest John rocke
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The nUclear arena Corporal missile
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The nUclear arena 217 and firepower
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The nUclear arena 219 In light of n
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The nUclear arena 221 the missile c
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The nUclear arena Lacrosse missile
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The nUclear arena 225 cost over $10
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The nUclear arena his proposal the
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The nUclear arena Little John rocke
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The nUclear arena 231 fire it withi
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The nUclear arena 233 for rapid che
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The nUclear arena Lance missile 235
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The nUclear arena 237 By the end of
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The nUclear arena 239 In the late 1
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Table 23—Field Artillery Rockets
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CHAPTER 10 The Road to Flexible Res
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse 245 a
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Table 24—Comparison of Divisional
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse 249 p
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse Chart
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse Chart
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Chart 4—Reorganization of Regimen
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse 257 d
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse HHB C
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse reorg
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse M18 f
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse UH-1D
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CHAPTER 11 Vietnam During the 1950s
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vieTnam Table 25—Field Artillery
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vieTnam CH-54 Tarhe lifting a 155-m
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vieTnam 8-inch howitzer from Batter
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vieTnam 275 At each maneuver comman
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CH-47 Chinook transporting the M102
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vieTnam 279 ployed to Vietnam in la
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vieTnam 281 arose. A field artiller
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vieTnam ments were authorized, usin
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Table 26—Field Artillery Reductio
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Appendix A—Chiefs of Field Artill
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aPPendiX Maj. Gen. John A. Dubia 15
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Field ArTillery - US Army Center Of Military History

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