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4 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of field arTillery Congress authorized the formation of six artillery companies, increased to ten the following month, for the already established Massachusetts Train of Artillery. 3 Richard Gridley, who had been appointed chief engineer of the Massachusetts forces in April, was commissioned as a colonel of artillery in May and took command of the tencompany militia regiment. An officer on half pay from the British army, Gridley had commanded the artillery during the siege of Louisbourg in 1745 and had taken part in the second siege in 1758. His regiment in 1775 was part of the army that General George Washington took under his command in July. 4 Colonel Gridley’s regiment was modeled on the British artillery battalion and its companies. Most European regiments contained at least two battalions, but the English regiment (and eventually the American one) contained only one, leading to the synonymous use of the terms battalion and regiment. Unlike infantry regiments, however, the Royal Regiment of Artillery, organized in 1727, consisted of four battalions of eight companies each at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. Gridley’s regiment was authorized ten artillery companies, along with a regimental staff and a company of artificers to perform maintenance functions. As in the British army, the American artillery regiment was an administrative organization. The basic tactical organization in both armies was the company (Table 1). 5 The enlistments of most of the troops in New England expired at the end of 1775, and a new regiment had to be organized to replace Gridley’s. Despite the success of his fortifications at the battle of Bunker Hill, Gridley was sixty-four years old and had been wounded during the fighting. His influence on the artillery regiment’s discipline appears to have been poor, and the general consensus was that he should be replaced in some honorable way. On 17 November, Henry Knox, who was only twenty-five years old, was selected as Gridley’s replacement, receiving a commission as colonel in the Continental artillery. Knox, the proprietor of a successful bookstore, was widely read, especially in field artillery, and was a member of the militia in Boston; he had also assisted in building the fortifications around Boston as a volunteer civilian engineer. In the meantime, Gridley, who had become the chief engineer of the Continental Army in June 3 Peter Force, comp., American Archives . . . , 4th ser., 6 vols., and 5th ser., 3 vols. (Washington, D.C.: M. St. Clair and Peter Force, 1837–53), 4/1:1362 and 4/2:759, 790, 801, 807. An artillery train was generally a regiment of artillery; it also referred to heavy guns and other pieces or ordnance belonging to an army in the field. 4 Ibid., 4/2:1349, 1354, 1433–34, 1436, 1440; Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army . . . , rev. ed. (Washington, D.C.: Rare Book Publishing Co., 1914), pp. 24, 262; Allen French, The First Year of the American Revolution (1934; reprint, New York: Octagon Books, 1968), pp. 73, 751–52. 5 Birkhimer, Historical Sketch, pp. 331–32; Force, American Archives, 4/2:759; Francis Duncan, comp., History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, 3d ed., 2 vols. (London: J. Murray, 1879), 1:436–37; Edward E. Curtis, The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1926), pp. 2, 6; Robert K. Wright, The Continental Army (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1983), p. 14. An artificer was a military mechanic or skilled craftsman, in this case one who primarily maintained the weapons.
Command and Staff Table 1—Artillery Organization, 1775–1780 1775 Bn 1775 1776 1777 1777 1777 1777 1778 1780 Royal Arty Gridley a Knox a Harrison Lamb Crane Proctor Colonel 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Lt Colonel 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Major 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Adjutant 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 b 1 b Quartermaster 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 b 1 b Paymaster 1 1 1 1 1 b 1 b Surgeon 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Surgeon’s Mate 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Chaplain 1 Cadet 2 Conductor c 4 Storekeeper 1 Clerk 2 Sgt Major 1 1 1 1 1 1 QM Sergeant 1 1 1 1 1 1 Drum Major 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Musicians 12 Fife Major 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 3 18 12 12 12 12 24 12 12 Company Captain 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Capt Lt 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1st Lt 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2d Lt 2 2 c 2 1 3 3 1 3 3 Lt Fireworker 1 Sergeant 4 4 4 1 6 6 4 6 6 Corporal 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 6 6 Bombardier 9 6 8 4 6 6 6 6 Gunner 18 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 Drummer 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fifer 1 1 1 1 1 1 Matross 73 32 32 48 28 28 60 28 39 Total 116 57 63 69 60 60 74 60 71 Companies in Bn or Regt 8 10 12 10 12 12 8 12 10 GRAND TOTAL 931 588d 768 702 732 732 616 729 719 aThe exact composition of Gridley’s regiment in 1775 and Knox’s in 1776 is unclear. For example, on 3 May 1775, ten companies of fifty men each were authorized, plus five officers, six bombardiers, six gunners, three sergeants, three corporals, and thirty-two matrosses. Documents dated 12 May 1775 show the same organization except that the number of sergeants and corporals was not specified. On 19 May, the ten companies were established, each with five officers, four sergeants, four corporals, a fifer and a drummer, and thirty-two matrosses. The returns of 26 June 1775 show five officers in each company, but widely varying numbers of enlisted men (with no breakdowns). See Force, Massachusetts Revolutionary Military Affairs, nos. 42, 78, 84, 276, Ms Div, LC. bDuties performed by a company officer as an additional assignment. cAlso fireworkers. dThe artificer company is not included.
Page 1: The Organizational History of Field
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Page 9: FOREWORD The Organizational History
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54 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of fi
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Table 8—Artillery Organization, A
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Table 9—Artillery Organization, A
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CHAPTER 4 Diverging Missions Betwee
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diverging missiOns tactics for infa
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diverging missiOns possibili ties o
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diverging missiOns The Gatling Guns
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diverging missiOns of War William C
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diverging missiOns high-angle fire
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Table 10—Artillery Organization,
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diverging missiOns Artillery in act
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diverging missiOns Artillery in act
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diverging missiOns Although neglect
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Direct Fire Gun A Aiming Point Diag
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100 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of f
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126 THE ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORY OF F
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Table 11—Field Artillery Pieces R
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Table 12—Field Artillery Transpor
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CHAPTER 7 World War II Developments
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wOrld war ii 159 blow, and the thir
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wOrld war ii L-4 from the 29th Infa
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wOrld war ii 163 authorized six 105
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wOrld war ii Airborne troops loadin
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wOrld war ii 167 artillery battalio
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wOrld war ii Table 16—Principal A
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wOrld war ii Table 17—Nondivision
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wOrld war ii Destroyer Training Cen
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Firing 4.5-inch rockets in the Hür
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wOrld war ii 177 of division artil
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wOrld war ii 179 the for mer was pr
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wOrld war ii 15th Field Artillery O
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wOrld war ii as well, passed missio
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wOrld war ii 185 photographs), and
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wOrld war ii 187 After nearly six y
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CHAPTER 9 The Nuclear Arena The Kor
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The nUclear arena 211 time that rad
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The nUclear arena Honest John rocke
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The nUclear arena Corporal missile
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The nUclear arena 217 and firepower
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The nUclear arena 219 In light of n
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The nUclear arena 221 the missile c
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The nUclear arena Lacrosse missile
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The nUclear arena 225 cost over $10
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The nUclear arena his proposal the
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The nUclear arena Little John rocke
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The nUclear arena 231 fire it withi
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The nUclear arena 233 for rapid che
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The nUclear arena Lance missile 235
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The nUclear arena 237 By the end of
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The nUclear arena 239 In the late 1
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Table 23—Field Artillery Rockets
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CHAPTER 10 The Road to Flexible Res
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse 245 a
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Table 24—Comparison of Divisional
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse 249 p
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse Chart
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse Chart
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Chart 4—Reorganization of Regimen
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse 257 d
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse HHB C
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse reorg
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse M18 f
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse UH-1D
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CHAPTER 11 Vietnam During the 1950s
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vieTnam Table 25—Field Artillery
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vieTnam CH-54 Tarhe lifting a 155-m
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vieTnam 8-inch howitzer from Batter
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vieTnam 275 At each maneuver comman
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CH-47 Chinook transporting the M102
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vieTnam 279 ployed to Vietnam in la
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vieTnam 281 arose. A field artiller
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vieTnam ments were authorized, usin
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Table 26—Field Artillery Reductio
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Appendix A—Chiefs of Field Artill
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aPPendiX Maj. Gen. John A. Dubia 15
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Field ArTillery - US Army Center Of Military History

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