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382 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of field arTillery KATUSA. See Korean Augmentation to the United States Army. Keith, Lt. Gen. Donald R., 239–40 Kerwin, General Walter T., Jr., 300 Khe Sanh, Vietnam, 282 Knox, Henry, 3, 11, 16n44, 322 and Army organization, 13, 16, 19–20 on artillery park, 12 Chief of Artillery, 7 commands Continental Artillery, 4 on officers, 13 serves with Massachusetts Train of Artillery, 13 Washington commends, 13 at Yorktown, 15 Knox’s artillery regiment. See under Continental Artillery, regiments. Korean Augmentation to the United States Army (KATUSA), 197–98 Korean War, 193, 195–206, 207, 209, 214, 224, 243, 244, 268, 273 aircraft use, 204, 281 ammunition issues, 201, 203–04, 205, 212 artillery in, 197, 198 forward observers, 190 impact of losses, 197 lack of trained personnel, 201 observation posts, 206 rotation policy, 201 static war, 201, 203 Kosciuszko, Thaddeus, 39 Krupp, Alfred, 78n14, 79. See also Guns, Krupp breechloading rifle. La Courtine, France, 118 Lacrosse. See under Missiles. La Fayette, Marquis de, 3 Lallemand, General Henri, 39 Lamb, Col. John, 8, 9 Lamb’s artillery regiment. See under Continental Artillery, regiments. Lance. See under Missiles. Landing craft, mechanized (LCM), 279 Lanyard, 53, 55 Laser, 236, 286–87, 316 Lassiter, Maj. Gen. William, 141, 142 Lassiter committee, 142, 143 Latin America, 311 LCM. See Landing craft, mechanized. Le Courneau, France, 118 Lee, General Robert E., 71 Legion of the United States, 19–20 Lemnitzer, General Lyman, 224 Leyte Gulf operation, 168, 169, 172 Liaison, 127, 140, 149, 171 officer, 123, 182, 190, 275 personnel, 114, 252 Light artillery, 17n1, 24n24, 27, 32, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 48, 49, 51, 56, 64, 67, 71, 77, 83, 84, 86, 88, 100, 101, 133, 135, 140, 143, 162. See also Flying artillery; Horse artillery; Light Artillery, Regiment of. Light Artillery, 1st New York, 54 Light Artillery, Regiment of, 24–25, 27, 31, 32 Light division (World War II) artillery organization, 163 Light division (post–World War II) artillery organization, 289, 304–05, 306–08, 309, 323. See also Infantry division artillery organization. Lightweight tactical fire direction system (LTACFIRE), 297 Limited warfare, 15 Linear tactics, 11–12 Little John. See Rockets, 318-mm. Louisbourg fortress, Canada, 3, 4 Low-intensity conflicts, 307 LTACFIRE. See Lightweight tactical fire direction system. Lundy’s Lane, battle of, 43n79 Luzon campaign, 168, 169 Lyon, Brig. Gen. Nathaniel, 62 Maastricht, siege of, 15 MacArthur, General of the Army Douglas and artillery in Korea, 196–97 on motorization and mechanization programs, 135–36, 138 Macedonia, 317 Mailly, France, 118 Maine, USS, 86 Malvern Hill, Va., 65, 71 Maneuver division (1911), 103 Manila, battle of, 180 Manila, Philippines, 89 Manual for Artillery of the Garde Royale, 40 Map firing, 121, 150, 151, 154, 182, 186, 206, 280 Maps, map-making, 97, 109, 153n67, 184, 185, 263, 275, 321 March, General Peyton C., 126, 143–44 Marine Amphibious Force, III (Vietnam), 268, 270, 281 Marine artillery, 186 Marine brigade, provisional, 196 Marine Corps, U.S., 185, 189, 213, 222, 223, 225, 226, 230n51
indeX Marine Division, 2d, 179 Marine division in Korea, 200n24 Marine Regiment, 11th, 203n30 Marshall, General George C., 148, 154 Maryland, 8, 9, 86, 137, 210 Massachusetts, 18n4, 19 and artillery officers, 8 colonial artillery of, 3 militia artillery, 23 Massachusetts Committee of Safety, 3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 209 Massachusetts Provincial Congress, 3–4 Massachusetts Train of Artillery, 4, 13 Massed fire, 78, 95, 146, 149, 243, 285, 288, 290, 322 in Civil War, 41, 59, 62, 73 and fire direction center, 150, 152, 153, 154 in Korean War, 197 Napoleon uses, 40, 46 in Revolutionary War, 11–12, 13, 16 in Vietnam, 267, 272, 278, 279 in War with Spain, 88 in World War I, 119, 121, 123 in World War II, 157, 163, 174, 185, 186 Massive retaliation, 207, 242, 243 Materiel Command, U.S. Army, 230 McClellan, Maj. Gen. George, 58, 59, 60, 76 McDowell, Brig. Gen. Irvin, 58, 76 McElroy, Neil H., 219, 230 McHenry, James, 22 McNair, Lt. Gen. Leslie J. and armored divisions, 166 on artillery group, 176 commands Army Ground Forces, 159 and general support weapons, 146 on massed fire, 145–46 on nondivisional artillery, 176 McNamara, Robert S., 235, 260 Mechanization, 133–34, 135, 136, 137– 38, 145, 148. See also Self-propelled weapons. Mechanized division artillery organization, 258, 259, 261, 262, 292, 300, 301, 308. See also Armored division artillery organization; Heavy division; Infantry division artillery organization. Mekong Delta, Vietnam, 278–79 Mercury fulminate caps. See under Ammunition. Mercury program, 220 Meucon, France, 118 Mexican border, 48, 99n13, 102n26, 103, 106, 110, 111 383 Mexican War, 40–46, 48, 71, 88 artillery lessons learned, 46 battle of Buena Vista, 44, 45 battle of Monterey, 44 battle of Palo Alto, 41, 42, 44 field artillery in, 40, 41, 46 influence of Napoleon, 17, 40, 46 Mexico City operations, 44, 46 mountain howitzers, 43, 51 question of reserves, 58 rockets, 43 siege of Vera Cruz, 44 Meyer, General Edward C., 289, 303, 307 Middle East, 311 Military Academy, United States, 22n12, 83 Military Assistance Program (Plan), 226, 228, 232 Militia, 3, 4, 7, 8, 18n4, 22, 23, 24, 30, 32, 39, 40, 43, 56n23, 83, 88, 103, 104. See also National Guard. Militia Act of 1903 (Dick Act), 105, 106 Millième, 96n8 Mines, miners, 20, 69, 83, 92, 236, 273, 287, 291 Minié ball. See under Ammunition. Missile Commands 1st U.S. Army, 220–21 2d U.S. Army, 220–21 3d U.S. Army, 221 4th U.S. Army, 221 Missiles. See also Ammunition; Rockets. Army tactical missile system (ATACMS), 240 clearance procedures for, 322 launcher, 242 in Operation De s e r t st o r m, 314 in Operation ir a q i Fr e e D o m, 320, 322 ballistic, 209n2 Bumper program, 210 circular error probable, 224, 239n74, 320 Corporal, 212, 214–16 and Atomic Field Army, 246–47 development, 210–11 flaws, 214, 227 liquid fuel, 214, 227, 234 organization for, 214–15, 216, 246–47 nuclear, 215 range, 214 replaced, 214, 221, 226, 227 and U.S. Army Missile Commands, 220, 221 and Without Altitude Control (WAC), 210–11, 214 cost of, 242 cruise, 239–40
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The Organizational History of Field
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Civil War Flag (nonregulation), wit
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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FOREWORD The Organizational History
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used to defend fixed positions. Thi
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CONTENTS Chapter Page 1. THE BEGINN
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Chapter xv Page ABBREVIATIONS AND A
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Chapter xvii Page Sound-ranging equ
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Field Artillery 1775-2003
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4 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of fie
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10 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of fi
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Regimental Staff Table 3—Artiller
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Battle of Palo Alto by Klauprecht &
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Table 6—Standard Field Pieces Use
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Table 8—Artillery Organization, A
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Table 9—Artillery Organization, A
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CHAPTER 4 Diverging Missions Betwee
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diverging missiOns tactics for infa
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diverging missiOns possibili ties o
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diverging missiOns The Gatling Guns
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diverging missiOns of War William C
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diverging missiOns high-angle fire
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Table 10—Artillery Organization,
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diverging missiOns Artillery in act
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diverging missiOns Artillery in act
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diverging missiOns Although neglect
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Direct Fire Gun A Aiming Point Diag
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100 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of f
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126 THE ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORY OF F
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Table 11—Field Artillery Pieces R
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Table 12—Field Artillery Transpor
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CHAPTER 7 World War II Developments
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wOrld war ii 159 blow, and the thir
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wOrld war ii L-4 from the 29th Infa
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wOrld war ii 163 authorized six 105
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wOrld war ii Airborne troops loadin
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wOrld war ii 167 artillery battalio
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wOrld war ii Table 16—Principal A
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wOrld war ii Table 17—Nondivision
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wOrld war ii Destroyer Training Cen
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Firing 4.5-inch rockets in the Hür
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wOrld war ii 177 of division artil
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wOrld war ii 179 the for mer was pr
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wOrld war ii 15th Field Artillery O
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wOrld war ii as well, passed missio
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wOrld war ii 185 photographs), and
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wOrld war ii 187 After nearly six y
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CHAPTER 9 The Nuclear Arena The Kor
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The nUclear arena 211 time that rad
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The nUclear arena Honest John rocke
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The nUclear arena Corporal missile
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The nUclear arena 217 and firepower
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The nUclear arena 219 In light of n
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The nUclear arena 221 the missile c
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The nUclear arena Lacrosse missile
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The nUclear arena 225 cost over $10
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The nUclear arena his proposal the
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The nUclear arena Little John rocke
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The nUclear arena 231 fire it withi
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The nUclear arena 233 for rapid che
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The nUclear arena Lance missile 235
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The nUclear arena 237 By the end of
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The nUclear arena 239 In the late 1
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Table 23—Field Artillery Rockets
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CHAPTER 10 The Road to Flexible Res
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse 245 a
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Table 24—Comparison of Divisional
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse 249 p
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse Chart
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse Chart
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Chart 4—Reorganization of Regimen
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse 257 d
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse HHB C
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse reorg
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse M18 f
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse UH-1D
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CHAPTER 11 Vietnam During the 1950s
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vieTnam Table 25—Field Artillery
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vieTnam CH-54 Tarhe lifting a 155-m
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vieTnam 8-inch howitzer from Batter
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vieTnam 275 At each maneuver comman
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CH-47 Chinook transporting the M102
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vieTnam 279 ployed to Vietnam in la
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vieTnam 281 arose. A field artiller
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vieTnam ments were authorized, usin
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Table 26—Field Artillery Reductio
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Appendix A—Chiefs of Field Artill
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aPPendiX Maj. Gen. John A. Dubia 15
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