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20 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of field arTillery artillery—in 1786, but the failure of Shays’s Rebellion and the relative calm on the frontier reduced the need for such a force. Within a few years, however, the situation changed, especially after Brevet Brig. Gen. Josiah Harmar and Maj. Gen. Arthur St. Clair had suffered defeats in their Northwest Territory campaigns against the Indians respectively in 1790 and 1791. Prompted by public concern, Congress instituted the Legion of the United States in 1792. The new organization consisted of a legionary staff and four sublegions. Each sublegion included a troop of dragoons, an artil lery company, and one rifle and two infantry battalions with four companies each. The old artillery battalion ceased to exist, each subordinate company becoming part of one of the sublegions. The internal organization of the companies remained relatively undisturbed. Although those of the old artillery battalion each had an authorized aggregate strength of up to seventy-nine officers and men, the actual number was usually around fifty because of extra details, sickness, and underrecruitment. The new companies were each authorized an aggregate strength of sixty-three officers and men (Table 2). 9 Numerically the artillery accounted for a little less than 5 percent of the legion’s authorized strength. Because the companies remained separated at widely scattered posts, the reorganization had little effect on the employment of the artillery. As the United States was concentrating on the defense of the frontier, the revolution in France and the ensuing European war had resulted in a coalition of Great Britain and other nations against France. The rivalry between Great Britain and France, both with their colonies and economic interests in the western hemi sphere, increased the danger of war. In response, Congress on 9 May 1794 created, as a new organization, the Corps of Artillerists and Engineers. The corps was organized into four battalions, each with four companies. 10 One reason for the amalgamation of artillerists and engineers was the need for similar training in preparing for the attack and defense of fortifications. Distinguished French officers were appointed to the corps primarily because of their engineering skills. Stephen Rochefontaine became the corps commandant, receiving the rank of lieutenant colonel, and Louis de Tousard and John Jacob Rivardi were two of the authorized majors to command the battalions. Rochefontaine and Rivardi were already employed as civilian engineers by the government, and Tousard was an artillerist. Since the ranks contained sappers and miners, the new corps was suited to building as well as manning the fortifications. The authorization also included the provision for two cadets per company, thus creating a new grade in the Ar my. 11 9 American State Papers, Class 5, Military Affairs, 1:40–41; Callan, comp., Military Laws, pp. 92–94; Legion of the United States Orders, 28 Mar 1793, Legionville, p. 123, vol. 499/401, RG 98, NARA. The rifle battalion was armed with rifles; the infantry, with standard infantry muskets (generally, 1777 French models or similar ones). 10 Callan, comp., Military Laws, p. 104. 11 Ibid.; Alexander Hamilton, The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, 27 vols. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961–87), 3:382.
Battalion Staff Table 2—Artillery Organization, 1784–1792 1784 1787 1790 1792 Major 1 1 1a Adjutant 1 1b Quartermaster 1 1b Paymaster/Clothier 1 1b Sergeant Major 1 Quartermaster Sergeant 1 1 Surgeon’s Mate 1 Total 6 6 1 Company Captain 1c 1 1 1 Lieutenant 1 2 2 2 Sergeant 4 4 4 4 Corporal 3 4 4 4 Bombardier 3 Gunner 3 Musician 2 2 2 2 Private 60 66 50d Matross 35 Total Companies 52 73 79 63 Authorized 2 4 4 4 GRAND TOTAL 104 298 319 253 a Act provided for a major commandant of artillery. b Duties performed by a company officer as an additional assignment. c Douglass’s company used as example. d Includes ten artificers.
Page 1: The Organizational History of Field
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Page 9: FOREWORD The Organizational History
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Table 9—Artillery Organization, A
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72 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of fi
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CHAPTER 4 Diverging Missions Betwee
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diverging missiOns tactics for infa
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diverging missiOns possibili ties o
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diverging missiOns The Gatling Guns
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diverging missiOns of War William C
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diverging missiOns high-angle fire
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Table 10—Artillery Organization,
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diverging missiOns Artillery in act
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diverging missiOns Artillery in act
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diverging missiOns Although neglect
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96 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of fi
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Direct Fire Gun A Aiming Point Diag
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100 The OrganizaTiOnal hisTOry Of f
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126 THE ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORY OF F
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Table 11—Field Artillery Pieces R
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Table 12—Field Artillery Transpor
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CHAPTER 7 World War II Developments
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wOrld war ii 159 blow, and the thir
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wOrld war ii L-4 from the 29th Infa
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wOrld war ii 163 authorized six 105
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wOrld war ii Airborne troops loadin
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wOrld war ii 167 artillery battalio
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wOrld war ii Table 16—Principal A
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wOrld war ii Table 17—Nondivision
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wOrld war ii Destroyer Training Cen
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Firing 4.5-inch rockets in the Hür
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wOrld war ii 177 of division artil
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wOrld war ii 179 the for mer was pr
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wOrld war ii 15th Field Artillery O
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wOrld war ii as well, passed missio
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wOrld war ii 185 photographs), and
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wOrld war ii 187 After nearly six y
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CHAPTER 9 The Nuclear Arena The Kor
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The nUclear arena 211 time that rad
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The nUclear arena Honest John rocke
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The nUclear arena Corporal missile
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The nUclear arena 217 and firepower
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The nUclear arena 219 In light of n
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The nUclear arena 221 the missile c
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The nUclear arena Lacrosse missile
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The nUclear arena 225 cost over $10
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The nUclear arena his proposal the
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The nUclear arena Little John rocke
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The nUclear arena 231 fire it withi
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The nUclear arena 233 for rapid che
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The nUclear arena Lance missile 235
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The nUclear arena 237 By the end of
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The nUclear arena 239 In the late 1
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Table 23—Field Artillery Rockets
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CHAPTER 10 The Road to Flexible Res
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse 245 a
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Table 24—Comparison of Divisional
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse 249 p
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse Chart
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse Chart
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Chart 4—Reorganization of Regimen
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse 257 d
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse HHB C
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse reorg
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse M18 f
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The rOad TO fleXiBle resPOnse UH-1D
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CHAPTER 11 Vietnam During the 1950s
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vieTnam Table 25—Field Artillery
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vieTnam CH-54 Tarhe lifting a 155-m
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vieTnam 8-inch howitzer from Batter
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vieTnam 275 At each maneuver comman
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CH-47 Chinook transporting the M102
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vieTnam 279 ployed to Vietnam in la
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vieTnam 281 arose. A field artiller
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vieTnam ments were authorized, usin
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Table 26—Field Artillery Reductio
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Appendix A—Chiefs of Field Artill
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aPPendiX Maj. Gen. John A. Dubia 15
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