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Observational epidemiological surveys (WG 3) page 2
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Introduction, Objectives, Methodology p 4
Part 1: Tomatoes and tomato products, lycopene, other carotenoids,
vitamins C and E and cancers p 7
1.1 Summary of the data provided by the three reference books p 7
1.1.1 Tomatoes and tomato products p 7
1.1.2 Other fruit and vegetables p 8
1.1.3 Lycopene p 10
1.1.3.1 studies based on dietary intake
1.1.3.2 Studies based on plasma levels
1.1.4 β-Carotene p 12
1.1.5 Vitamin C p 13
1.1.6 Vitamin E p 14
1.1.7 Concluding statements p.15
1.2 Recent studies p 17
1.2.1 Tomatoes p 18
1.2.2 Fruit and vegetables p 18
1.2.3 Lycopene p 24
1.2.4 Carotenoids p 28
1.2.5 Vitamin C p 34
1.2.6 Vitamin E p 38
1.3 Major intervention trials p 43
1.3.1 The Linxian studies p 43
1.3.2 The ATBC study p 43
1.3.3 The CARET study p 43
1.3.4 The Physician Health Study p 44
1.3.5 The Skin Prevention Study p 44
1.3.6 The Polyp Prevention Study p 44
1.3.7 The Australian Polyp Prevention Study p 44
1.4 Synthetic conclusion p 47
Part 2: Tomatoes and tomato products, lycopene, other carotenoids,
vitamins C and E and CVD p 48
2.1 Fruit and vegetables, tomatoes p 48
2.2 Lycopene and other carotenoids p 49
2.3 Antioxidant vitamins p 55
2.3.1 Vitamin C p 55
2.3.2 Vitamin E p 59
2.4 Conclusion p 62