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Observational epidemiological surveys (WG 3) page 16
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insufficient because the studies did not differentiate among the various
vegetables and fruit. To be noted, the beneficial effect of processed tomato
in Giovanucci et al. study on prostate cancer.
• Fruit and vegetables:
⇒ convincing evidence of a reduction of risk for all cancers of the upper aero-
digestive tract including lung and stomach cancers, as well as pancreas,
cervix and bladder cancers;
⇒ possible reduction of risk by vegetables only for hormone-dependent
cancers, colon, rectum liver, kidney and thyroid cancers.
• Lycopene (dietary and plasma levels):
⇒ one might wonder whether it is possible to bring a conclusion on lycopene
at this point of research because of the paucity of studies and the difficulties
in assessing lycopene levels by whatever method. Limited results on
pancreatic and prostatic cancers.
• β-carotene (dietary and plasma levels):
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin E
⇒ convincing evidence of a reduction of risk for oesophagus, lung and
stomach cancers; data are consistent but limited for larynx and cervix
cancers; insufficient for pancreas, mouth and pharynx cancers;
⇒ data were inconsistent or insufficient for all of the other cancers.
⇒ convincing for stomach cancer, probable for oesophagus, mouth, pharynx,
larynx, lung and respiratory tract, pancreas, and cervix cancers;
⇒ data were inconsistent or insufficient for all of the other cancers.
⇒ possible reduction was found for lung and respiratory tract and cervix
cancers;
⇒ no relationship demonstrated, inconsistent or insufficient data for all other
cancers.
1-2- RECENT STUDIES
About 57 studies have been reported on the relationship between fruit and vegetables or
carotenoids, vitamin C and E since the reference books were published: 40 case-control