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Observational epidemiological surveys (WG 3) page 79
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tomatoes
raw
cooked
carrots:
raw
cooked
cauliflower
cooked
garlic
raw-cooked
orangestangerines
apple
100
7
93
onions rawcooked
(-) no or negligible content
8.3
3.0
5.3
36.5
9.7
26.8
- - 32.3
18.6
99.6
9.7
28.5
13.7
- 41.2
13.3
28.0
10.2
7.7
2.5
5.8
4
1.8
3.8
3
0.8
- - 1.3
0.5
0.8
4.8
3.3
1.5
- - - 13.0 4.0 - 2.4 0.09
4.6
3.2
1.4
- 18.5
12.8
5.7
7.1
- - - 3.5 - - - - 4.2
- - 98.3 9.8 15.0 - -3.2 - 4.0
- - 1.7 2.0 21.8 1.6 2.5 9.9
5.0
- - - - - - - 14 1.2
Sources: Gerber et al., 1999 ; Holdsworth et al., 2000; Gerber et al., 2000; Scali et al., in press.
Part 7: General Conclusion
The achievement of the state of art related to tomato, lycopene and health was necessary to
clarify the scientific message on the topic. But it provides another information relevant to the
epistemology of sciences, it is that, to some extent, the model of study governs the type of
knowledge.
Coronary heart disease is the major pathology in the cardiology field with a moderate lag time
between the notice of the risk factors and the disease and between the beginning of a
treatment and the effect of this treatment. The effect is readily measured on markers.
Contrarily, latency is a characteristic of carcinogenesis. There are no markers for cancers.
Thus cardio-vascular studies are shorter and easier to evaluate than cancer studies which
cover all potential risk factors on a long period of time, therefore, less studies are necessary to
come to a conclusion.
Because mechanistic explanations of cardio-vascular disease involved oxidation of the LDL-
particle, most of the epidemiological studies focused on the relationship between the disease
and specific antioxidant nutrients, instead of food. The same is true for lung function with the
studies of oxidative stress on bronchocytes, for cataract and macular degeneration with the
description of damaged lens proteins and oxidised compounds (polyunsaturated fatty acyls
and lipofucsin) in the retina following chronic exposure to light and oxygen and for ageing