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Mechanisms and Biomarkers (WG 4) page 27
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Chapter 2. The Biomarker Concept: Indicators of Cellular Injury and Protection
Biomarkers
An ideal biomarker should give an unambiguous measure of change in a biological system
that is being subject to insult or treatment with agents intended to reduce environmentally
induced damage (Greim et al., 1995).
Biomarkers can be divided into 3 categories: of exposure, effect and susceptibility.
Types of monitoring:
1. Environmental monitoring- biomarkers of potential exposure.
2. Biological monitoring- biomarkers of exposure ie. internal dose, and effects at target
sites.
3. Biological effect monitoring- biomarkers of effect.
4. Health surveillance- biomarkers of effect and medical examination.
Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress
Table 1. A partial list of disease and degenerative states where RS are implicated in the
initiation and/or potentiation of the conditions
Ageing Accumulated tissue damage
Alcoholism
Amylotrophic lateral sclerosis
Blood
Brain Anoxia
Alzheimers disease
Parkinson's disease
Macular degeneration
Chronic granulomatous disease
Iron overload disorders
Aluminium toxicity
Neuronal lipofuscinosis
Multiple sclerosis