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6Table of contentsSignificance of Freshwater Ecosystems 131Characteristics of freshwater ecosystems 131Uses and benefits of freshwater ecosystems 131Table 6.1: Simplified classification of services provided by water ecosystems 132ProtectingEcosystems forPeople and PlanetBy: UNEP (United NationsEnvironment Programme)Collaborating agencies:UNECE (United Nations EconomicCommission for Europe)/WHO (WorldHealth Organization)/UNCBD(United Nations Secretariat of theConvention on BiologicalDiversity)/UNESCO (United NationsEducational, Scientific and CulturalOrganization)/UNDESA (UnitedNations Department of Economic andSocial Affairs)/UNU (United NationsUniversity)Pressures on Freshwater Ecosystems 132Table 6.2: Pressures on freshwater ecosystems 133Box 6.1: Draining wetlands for malaria control: a conflict of interests? 133Table 6.3: Types of pollutants affecting freshwater ecosystems 134Figure 6.1: Emissions of water pollutants by sector 134Taking the Measure of Ecosystem Health 135Water quality indicators 135Figure 6.2: Biological quality of United Kingdom rivers, 1990–2000 136Hydrological information 136Biological assessment 136Table 6.4: Quality indicators for classifying the ecological status of rivers 137Box 6.2: Non-native species 138Assessment of Current Ecosystem Condition and Trends 138Global condition of freshwater ecosystems 138Map 6.1: Relative naturalness of land in major world river basins 139Changes in freshwater biodiversity 141Table 6.6: Numbers of threatened freshwater fish in selected countries 141Table 6.7: Threatened inland water species: a selection of species assessedby IUCN as Critically Endangered in 2000 142Figure 6.3: Proportion of United States species at risk or extinct, bytaxonomic grouping 142Figure 6.4: Living Planet index 1999: inland waters 143Lakes 143Figure 6.5: Changes in lake condition, 1960s–1990s 143Wetlands 143Table 6.8: Examples of wetland loss in arid Eurasia 144Box 6.3: Protecting ecosystems in the Lake Pskovkoe watershed 145Rivers 144
1 2 8 / C H A L L E N G E S T O L I F E A N D W E L L - B E I N GProtecting Ecosystems for People and PlanetProgress in Managing Freshwater Ecosystems 145Policy, strategies and institutions 145International cooperation 146Environmental education 146Reporting 146Flow maintenance 146Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 147Site protection 147Box 6.4: Lake Titicaca: a transboundary Ramsar site of vulnerableecosystems and ancient cultures 147Box 6.5: International instruments for protecting ecosystems 148Water quality standards 148Water source protection 149Species protection plan 149Environmental economics 149Box 6.6: Taking hidden costs and benefits into account 149Restoration of degraded systems 150Box 6.7: The ‘Green Corridor’: floodplain restoration alongthe Danube Valley 150Box 6.8: The Edwards dam 150Summary of progress 151Table 6.9: Review of National Reports submitted to the Convention onBiological Diversity (CBD) 151Conclusions 152Progress since Rio at a glance 153References 153Some Useful Web Sites 155
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A joint report by thetwenty three U
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Lists of Figures, Maps, Boxes & Tab
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F I G U R E S / V9.1: Competing wat
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B O X E S / VII19.1: Seine-Normandy
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X/ P R E L I M I N A R YFigures, Ma
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T A B L E S / XIII5.3: Africa, Asia
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X X/ P R E L I M I N A R YPrologueP
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iWater is an essential element of d
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4Table of contentsMeasuring Water R
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T H E N A T U R A L W A T E R C Y C
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Table 4.2: continued35 N C America
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Table 4.2: continued111 Africa Nige
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8 BoxTable of contents8.1: The righ
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S E C U R I N G F O O D F O R A G R
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Table 8.1: National values of key i
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2 7 0 / M A N A G E M E N T C H A L
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G O V E R N I N G W A T E R W I S E
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14 HolisticTable of contentsThinkin
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E N S U R I N G T H E K N O W L E D
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16Table of contentsGeneral Context
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C H A O P H R A Y A R I V E R B A S
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L A K E P E I P S I / C H U D S K O
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18 GeneralRuhuna Basins,Sri LankaTa
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S E I N E - N O R M A N D Y B A S I
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21Lake Titicaca Basin,Bolivia and P
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L A K E T I T I C A C A B A S I N ,
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G R E A T E R T O KY O , J A P A N
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viNo intro text supplied for part V
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5 0 2 / F I T T I N G T H E P I E C
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The World’s Water Crisis: Fitting
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5 3 6 / A N N E X E SAnnexesAcronym
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538 / A N N E X E SAcronymsSAGEs:Lo
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5 4 0 / A N N E X E SSome Other Glo
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5 4 2 / A N N E X E SSome Other Glo
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544 / A N N E X E SIndexwater avail
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546 / A N N E X E SIndexagriculture
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548 / A N N E X E SIndexCongo, Repu
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554 / A N N E X E SIndexsustainabil
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558 / A N N E X E SIndexJohannesbur
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562 / A N N E X E SIndexland area 7
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564 / A N N E X E SIndexwater avail
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566 / A N N E X E SIndexin rivers 8
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568 / A N N E X E SIndexsolid waste
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570 / A N N E X E SIndexconflicts a
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574 / A N N E X E SIndexwetlandsCon
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5 7 6 / A N N E X E SCreditsPhotogr
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