Water for people.pdf - WHO Thailand Digital Repository

I N D E X / 565renewable water resourcesagricultural water withdrawalsfrom 195–9, 208descriptive indicator map 35listed for various countries 70–4,195–9reptiles, threatened species 142research and development (R&D)expenditure listed for variouscountries 359meeting the needs 359–60scientists and engineers in 359Research and Development Forum forScience-led Development in Africa360reservoirs 83avoidance of shallow margins 117in Chao Phraya River basin 393in Greater Tokyo river basins 485management of 117–18, 297operational options to safeguardhealth 117–18shoreline infrastructure 117water resources in 83world’s largest 83see also damsresponse indicators 44example of use 45restoration projects 150–1restricted territorial sovereignty,principle of 302return flows, net benefits from 329Réunionfood supply indicators 198land area 72population 72water availability per person 72revenue collection, for urban watersystems 161reverse osmosis (RO) 89Rhine Action Plan 274Rhine Riverpollution of 15, 74, 279time series showing biodiversityand oxygen content 54Rhine River basin (Europe), 91, 303,309rice 201rice–fish farming 215right to education 350right to food 193right to health 121–2right to water 121, 122Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) 160, 162Rio Declaration on Environment andDevelopment (1992) 5–6, 25, 294,301Rio Earth Summit see progress sinceRio; United Nations Conference onEnvironment and DevelopmentRio de la Plata River (Latin America)91risk assessmentframework for 281meaning of term 279risk-based water managementevolution of responsibility for 285in Italy 280in The Netherlands 280risk linkages 277, 278risk managementchallenges 20, 269–90common risk strategies 282constraints to achievement ofeffective 284–5for droughts 282–3economic basis for 281–2for floods 282–3indicators for 49, 426, 445, 480,497initiatives for 280long-term view 281meaning of term 279, 288in Narva River basin (Europe) 412private risk strategies 282progress since Rio 289responsibilities for 285in Ruhuna basins (Sri Lanka)423–4in Seine-Normandy Basin (France)442tools 278–81web sites on 290risk sharing 278risk(s)indicators for 49, 426, 445meaning of term 279river basin community groups 355River Basin Initiative (RBI) 151river basin(s)case studies 387–400, 415–61,481–98listed 304–11meaning of term 319n(8)relative naturalness of land in139shared by two or more states 10,274multinational agreements239, 274see also transboundary riversriver blindness see onchocersiasisriver diversions, effects on waterquality 86, 87river flows 83–5annual global total 84global pattern 83, 84River Invertebrate Prediction andClassification Scheme (RIVPACS)135riversin Africa 85, 90, 450in Asia 85, 90, 144, 318, 418, 484in Australia 145biological quality 136chemical composition of water 85contamination by urbanwastewater discharges 176dissolved solids in 85ecological status 137, 144ecosystem trends 144–5effect of dams 138in Europe 54, 85, 91, 144, 404evaporation from 83–4inland drainage of 83largest in world 85, 90, 91in North America 85, 91, 144–5seasonal variation in flows 84–5in South America 84, 85, 91,243, 303, 310, 466suspended solids in 85, 144water resources in 68, 84Robinson, Mary, quoted 193RomaniaBaia Mare (gold mine) accident232cities 163Danube River ProtectionConvention ratified by 239food supply indicators 198land area 71national reports 517population 71progress on Agenda 21 523progress towards Goals 530threatened freshwater fish species141water availability per person 71water quality indicator 140Rome Declaration on World FoodSecurity (1996) 26, 193rooftop water storage tanks 107, 170Ruhuna basins (Sri Lanka) 415–27climate 418critical problems and opportunities424–5cultural background 421–2data availability 420droughts 423economic characteristics 418–19ecosystems 421indicators 426finances 422, 423fisheries 420food production 420geography 418groundwater 419groundwater indicators 426human impacts on water resources420hydrological characteristics 418,420hydropower plants 261, 421industrial water usage 295, 421institutions covering 422irrigation schemes 420, 424knowledge base 424indicators 426land use 419, 419location 418, 418management approaches 423management-related challenges425map of basin 419physical characteristics 418pollution of 424population characteristics 418resource-related challenges 424risk management 423–4indicators 426sharing of water 261, 424indicators 426socio-economic characteristics418–19surface water 419indicators 426use-related challenges 424–5valuing water 422indicators 426water for basic needs 421water governance 422indicators 426water quality 419–20indicators 426water resources 419Ruhuna National Park (Sri Lanka) 421Ruhunupura City development (SriLanka) 295, 421, 424runofffrom Africa 90from Asia 90, 294from Europe 91from North America 91from Oceania 92from South America 91global pattern 84indicator 47in reservoirs 83