Water for people.pdf - WHO Thailand Digital Repository

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546 / A N N E X E SIndexagriculture 217, 378–9health effects of irrigation projects220land area 73national reports 515population 73progress on Agenda 21 521progress towards Goals 533scientists and engineers in R&D359water availability per person 73water quality indicator 140Burma see MyanmarBurundifood supply indicators 195land area 74national reports 515population 74progress on Agenda 21 521progress towards Goals 533water availability per person 74water quality indicator 140business management framework507Ccadmium, health effects 15, 106Cairo (Egypt) 160, 162Calcutta (India) 160, 162Camargue National Reserve (France)147Cambodiacities 165food supply indicators 195land area 70national reports 515population 70progress on Agenda 21 522progress towards Goals 532water availability per person 70water prices 341Camel River (UK) 15Cameroonaccess to electricity 253cities 163, 164food supply indicators 195industrial water efficiency 235land area 71national reports 515population 71, 235progress on Agenda 21 521progress towards Goals 532water availability per person 71water quality indicator 140Canadacities 162, 163, 165drought(s) 275food supply indicators 195GDP per capita 359ICT expenditure 365lakes and reservoirs 83land area 70national reports 515population 70progress on Agenda 21 523scientists and engineers in R&D359seasonality of runoff 84threatened freshwater fish species141water availability per person 70water prices 338water quality indicator 140Canary Islandsdesalination plants 90see also Spaincapacity-building opportunitiesbasin-level water institutions 178cleaner production methodologies242for monitoring 178Cape Verdefood supply indicators 195land area 74national reports 515population 74progress on Agenda 21 521progress towards Goals 531water availability per person 74capital theory, indicators based on 42CapNet 355car tyre dumps, as mosquito-breedingsites 108, 170carbon dioxide emissionsglobal total from energygeneration 254–5hydropower compared withthermal plants 254–5, 259Caribbean regiondisasters 276, 513sanitation and water supplycoverage 513tourism 16water resources 91see also Latin America andCaribbeancase studiesChao Phraya River basin (Thailand)387–400Greater Tokyo river basins (Japan)481–98Lake Peipsi/Chudskoe-Pskovskoe(Estonia/Russian Federation)401–13Lake Titicaca basin (Bolivia/Peru)463–80Ruhuna basins (Sri Lanka) 415–27Seine-Normandy Basin (France)429–46Senegal River basin 447–61Caspian Sea 83, 90catchmentmeaning of term 131, 319n(8)see also river basincatchment approach to watermanagement 117, 380cause–effect approach to indicatordevelopment 40–1cause–effect relationships, watermanagement and health 103cave catfish 142census reports 113Central African Republicaccess to electricity 253food supply indicators 195industrial water efficiency 235land area 70national reports 515population 70, 235progress on Agenda 21 521progress towards Goals 533water availability per person 70water quality indicator 140Central Americadisasters 17, 276, 277, 513hydrological monitoring stations91, 356lake water condition changes 143land area 91population 91water availability per person 69water resources 91see also Latin America andCaribbeanCentral Europe, progress onMillennium Development Goals526, 527, 528cereals 200–1grain yields 201imports by developing countries202as percentage of food calories200water requirements 203Chadaccess to electricity 253food supply indicators 195industrial water efficiency 235land area 72national reports 515population 72, 235progress on Agenda 21 521progress towards Goals 533water availability per person 72Chao Phraya River basin (Thailand)387–400barrages 393dams and reservoirs 392–3data availability 395development of indicators 400economic activities 391, 392ecosystems 395finances 399floods 274, 394groundwaterirrigation systems 395legislation 399quality 394resources 393–4human impacts on water resources394–5hydrological characteristics 390hydrology 392–4hydropower plants 393, 396industrial water usage 395–6institutions covering 397–8irrigation systems 395, 397location 390, 390management approaches 399map of basin 391navigational issues 396ownership and responsibility396–7physical characteristics 390policies and their implications399–400population characteristics 389,391, 392rainfall variation 394rivers 392, 393runoff data 393socio-economic characteristics391–2surface area 389, 390surface waterirrigation systems 395quality 394resources 392–3urban water supplies 396water for basic needs 395water governance 390, 397–8water quality 394chemical industry, pollution by 15,229chemical oxygen demand (COD), inGreater Tokyo 486, 487, 487chemical water pollution 106child mortality
I N D E X / 547in cities 169global 36, 107Millennium Development Goal on 9national progress towards529–34regional progress towards527–8, 527from respiratory illnesses 251in South America 468, 480childrenconferences and declarations on7, 24, 121, 166primary education 250–1, 350–1Millennium Development Goal 9progress towards Goal 529–34children’s toilets 179Chilecities 162cost recovery in irrigation schemes336energy uses in rural areas 254food supply indicators 195industrial water efficiency 235land area 70national reports 515population 70, 235progress on Agenda 21 524progress towards Goals 529water availability per person 70water governance 378water quality indicator 140water rights market 336, 338Chinaaquifers 79cities 162, 163, 164, 165drought(s) 275floods 276, 283fluorosis 86food supply indicators 195GDP per capita 359groundwater extraction 80, 80hydropower 258, 259, 261ICT expenditure 365industrial water efficiency 235irrigation 80, 205, 206cost recovery in 336land area 73national reports 515Nationwide Water ConservationScheme 295organic pollutants 238population 73, 235progress on Agenda 21 522progress towards Goals 531rivers 84scientists and engineers in R&D359seasonality of runoff 84Three Gorges dam 258, 259water availability per person 73water quality indicator 140water resources 73, 235water use and distribution 294–5Chinese alligator 142Chittagong (Bangladesh)population 162water and sanitation provision171chlorinated solvents, pollution by 134cholera 102, 169deaths due to 102vaccination against 122chronic water quality impairment, byindustry 230cities 157–87average size 160challenges 20, 508child mortality rates 169ecological footprints 176–7environmental impacts 174governance 177–80growth of 160, 174–5indicators for 48, 426, 444, 480,497listed 162–5megacities 160progress since Rio 184sanitation coverage 110, 111sewer connections 172, 173uncontrolled expansion of 174–5wastewater discharges from 145,176, 410, 436, 437, 471water poverty 10, 160water-related diseases 169–70and water-related natural disasters176water sources for 175–6web sites on 187see also megacities; urban areas;urban populationcity–region issues 174–5civil society organizations, waterservice delivery by 381cleaner production methodologies242examples of use 241, 242, 243results 241, 242–3, 242, 243web site on 246climate change 17, 76causes 8, 17, 76, 282effects 17, 76Intergovernmental Panel on 17,76, 282Climatic Moisture Index (CMI) 56coastal waters, contamination byurban wastewater discharges 176coastal zones, impacts of industry on240coconut husk pits 108cod, fish population indicators 36Coipasa Salt Lake (Bolivia) 466, 467water quality data 471see alsoTiticaca–Desaguadero–Poopó–Coipasa Salt Lake (TDPS) systemColombiaaccess to electricity 253cities 162, 163competition for water resources294, 296earthquake 276food supply indicators 196industrial water efficiency 235land area 70national reports 515population 70, 235progress on Agenda 21 524progress towards Goals 530water availability per person 70water quality indicator 140Colorado River (Argentina) 84Colorado River system (North America)91, 311Columbia River basin (North America)91, 311Columbia River Basin Treaty (UnitedStates/Canada) 319commercial constraint(s), to effectiverisk management 284–5Commission on SustainableDevelopment (CSD)cause–effect framework used by 40country reports submitted 145,371, 514for various countries 515–18on freshwater issues 18, 326Harare Expert Group Meeting(1998) 18, 328, 329on rural development andsustainable agriculture 19sustainable development indicators40, 41, 42on water valuation 329, 335common property resource 375water as 331, 374common sturgeon 142Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS)progress on MillenniumDevelopment Goals 526, 527,528see also Armenia; Azerbaijan;Belarus; Georgia; Kazakhstan;Kyrgyzstan; Moldova; RussianFederation; Tajikistan;Turkmenistan; Ukraine;Uzbekistancommunicationindicators used for 34, 36, 54visualization of data 54communications technology seeinformation and communicationstechnology (ICT)community-based organizationsin sanitation upgrading 180,352–3for water governance 374, 381community-based water collectiontechniques 353community-managed irrigationschemes 213community mobilization, in watermanagement 353–4community-oriented environmentaleducation 352community radio 362community river basin groups 355community-supported water supplyand sanitation upgradingprogrammes 180–1community toilets 173, 179Comorosaccess to electricity 253food supply indicators 196land area 73national reports 515population 73progress on Agenda 21 521progress towards Goals 532water availability per person 73competition within countries for waterresources 228, 294–7comprehensive disaster riskmanagement (CDRM) strategies 286conceptual model 44concession contracts 380, 381conflict resolution, for shared waterresources 313–16, 318Congo, Democratic Republic ofcities 162food supply indicators 196industrial water efficiency 235land area 71national reports 515population 71, 235progress on Agenda 21 521progress towards Goals 533water availability per person 71
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A joint report by thetwenty three U
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16Table of contentsGeneral Context
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