Water for people.pdf - WHO Thailand Digital Repository

I N D E X / 555Millennium Development Goal on 9national progress towards529–34regional progress towards528, 528as symptom of poverty 211hurricanes 17, 276hydrocarbons, pollution by 134, 139hydrodiplomacy 318–19hydroelectricity see hydropowerhydrogeological interpretation 78hydrographic information base 50–1factors affecting loss of data 51hydrological cycle 76effect of urban areas 88–9monitoring of 68hydrological information, ecosystemhealth measured using 136hydrological measurements 67hydrological monitoringstations/networksin Africa 90, 356in Asia 90, 356in Central America 91, 356deteriorating state of 50–1, 356in Europe 90–1, 356in North America 91, 356numbers 68, 356in Oceania 92, 356in South America 91, 356Hydrology, Environment, Life andPolicy (HELP) Programme 88Hydrology and Water ResourcesProgramme (HWRP) 69, 96hydropower 13–14, 254–61advantages 258in Africa 511in Asia 256, 512benefits 254–5deployment by regions 255disadvantages 258in Europe 255–6in Latin America 256as percentage of total electricityglobal 255, 509in various countries 256potential capability 254n(1)in United States 256worldwide data 254–7hydropower plants/schemescharacteristics 257–9costing of 330large-scale schemesin Africa 90, 511in Asia 258, 259, 512failure of and problems with257physical requirements 257regional distribution 256small-scale plants 259–61advantages 257, 259, 260,509in developing countries 261disadvantages 259, 260environmental impacts259–60in European Union 261implementation andmanagement aspects 260hygieneand availability of water 114diseases exacerbated by lack of104relationship to health 105–6, 112hygiene behaviour, in cities 174hygiene education 112, 350–1Iice sheets 82total water volume in 68, 82Icelandecosystem protection policies andstrategies 146food supply indicators 197land area 70national reports 516population 70progress on Agenda 21 523water availability per person 70water quality indicator 140ill-health 102–8, 423, 459–60illegal settlements 175ill-health, water-associated 102–8,423, 459–60illiteracy rates 350, 351, 468impact indicators 44example of use 45impetigo 103Important Bird Areas (IBAs) 145imports, of food by developingcountries 202, 511improved technology concept, appliedto water supply and sanitation 113Incomati river basin (Africa) 304, 320income, per capita 340index (mathematical/numerical)compared with indicator andvariables 33, 34, 34meaning of term 33Indiaaccess to electricity 253Centre for Science andEnvironment 11, 352children’s hygiene behaviour 174cities 162, 163, 164, 165community toilets 179cyclone damage 17, 85, 275,276, 277drought(s) 275energy uses in rural areas 254floods 277food supply indicators 197GDP per capita 359groundwater extraction in 78groundwater used for irrigation80heatwave 276hydropower 258ICT expenditure 365industrial water efficiency 235irrigation 80, 206cost recovery in 336land area 73national reports 516organic pollutants in 238population 73, 235poverty 213progress on Agenda 21 522progress towards Goals 532Ramsar site(s) 147rivers 11, 144scientists and engineers in R&D359seasonality of runoff 84self-built low-income housing 181water availability per person 73water prices 341water quality indicator 140water supply provision 171indicator criteria 33indicator development models 37–41bottom-up approach 37–8cause–effect approach 40–1systems approach 40top-down approach 38–40indicator speciesexample 54spatial scale of 52indicators 29–60assessment by 36for basic needs 47, 426, 444,480, 497for cities 48, 426, 444, 480, 497communication using 34, 36compared with indices andvariables 33, 34, 34criteria for 43and data availability 57–8descriptive use 34, 35development of 32, 41–50, 400achievements 58in case studies 400, 426,443–6, 461overview of efforts to date 42step 1: defining theinformation need 43–4step 2: developing aconceptual model 44step 3: formulating potentialindicators 44step 4: evaluation of potentialindicators 44–6step 5: assessing dataavailability 46step 6: developing indicators 46eco-efficiency indicators 239ecological status of rivers 137on ecosystem protection 47–8,426, 445, 480, 497ecosystem quality indicators 36,135energy indicators 49, 426, 445,497examples 42food security indicators 48, 211,426, 480, 497geospatial presentation of 55health indicators 40–1, 42, 47,103, 119, 426, 444for industrial use of water 48,234, 426, 444meaning of term 33misinformation andmisrepresentation by 55, 57observational challenges forindicator development 50–1purposes of 34–6, 41for risks and uncertainty 49, 426,445, 480, 497sanitation access indicators 110,395, 421, 426, 444, 473, 474,480, 497scale considerations 51–4selection criteria for 44, 45policy requirements 45scientific requirements 45for sharing water 49, 426, 445,480, 497and sustainable development37–41, 42tracking changes through time34, 36for transboundary basins 47, 319,480use of 32usefulness 33for water governance 50, 426,445, 480, 498