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P R O T E C T I N G E C O S Y S T E M S F O R P E O P L E A N D P L A N E T / 1 5 3Progress since Rio at a glanceAgreed actionProgress since RioManage freshwater in a holistic manner, based on catchments and a balance of the needs of people and environmentAdopt preventative approach to halt environmental degradationEvaluate the consequences that various users of water have on the environment, support measures controllingwater-related diseases and protect ecosystemsDevelop outlines for protection, conservation and rational useEffectively prevent and control pollutionEstablish international water quality programmes and criteriaReduce prevalence of water-associated diseasesEradicate dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease) and onchocerciasis by 2000Adopt an integrated approach to environmentally sustainable water and ecosystem managementUnsatisfactory Moderate SatisfactoryReferencesAbramovitz, J.-N. 1996. Imperiled Waters, Impoverished Future: The Decline ofFreshwater Ecosystems. Washington DC, Worldwatch Paper No. 128.Anon. 2000. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23October 2000, establishing a framework for Community action in the field of waterpolicy. Official Journal of the European Commission, L 327/1-72.Barbier, E.-B.; Adams, W.-M.; Kimmage, E. 1991. Economic Valuation of WetlandBenefits: The Hadejia-Jama’are Floodplain, Nigeria. LEEC Discussion Paper,International Institute for Environment and Development.Barbour, M.-T.; Gerritsen, J.; Snyder, B.-D.; Stribling, J.-B. 1999. Rapid BioassessmentProtocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, BenthicMacroinvertebrates, and Fish. Washington DC, Environmental Protection Agency.Bogan, A.-E.; Pierson, J.-M.; Hartfield, P. 1995. ‘Decline in the Freshwater Gastropod Fauna inthe Mobile Bay Basin’. In: E.T. LaRoe, G.S. Farris, C.E. Puckett, P.D. Doran and M.J. Mac(eds.), Our Living Resources: A Report to the Nation on the Distribution, Abundance,and Health of U.S. Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems. Washington, DC, U.S. Departmentof the Interior, National Biological Service.Brink, B.-J.-E.; Hosper, H.; Colijn, F. 1991. ‘A Quantitative Method for Description andAssessment of Ecosystems: The AMOEBA-Approach’. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol.3, pp. 65–70.CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity). 2001. Global Biodiversity Outlook. Montreal.Cosgrove, B. and Rijsberman, F.-R. 2000. World Water Vision: Making WaterEverybody’s Business. London, World Water Council, Earthscan Publications Ltd.CSD (Commission on Sustainable Development). 1997. Overall Progress Achieved since theUnited Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Addendum. Protectionof the Quality and Supply of Freshwater Resources: Application of IntegratedApproaches to the Development, Management and Use of Water Resources (Chapter18 of Agenda 21). UN E/CN.17/1997/2/Add.17.CSE (Centre for Science and Environment). 1999. The Citizen’s Fifth Report. Delhi.Declaration of Alma Ata. 1978. Official Outcome of the International Conference onPrimary Health Care, 6–12 September 1978. Alma Ata.Doyle, M.-W; Stanley, E.-H.; Luebke, M.-A.; Harbor, J.-M. 2000. Dam Removal: Physical,Biological, and Societal Considerations. American Society of Civil Engineers JointConference on Water Resources Engineering and Water Resources Planning andManagement. Minneapolis.Duker, L. and Borre, L. 2001. Biodiversity Conservation of the World’s Lakes: APreliminary Framework for Identifying Priorities. LakeNet Report Series No. 2.Annapolis, Monitor International.EEC (European Economic Community). 2000. Framework Directive in the Field of WaterPolicy (Water Framework). Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and ofthe Council of 23 October 2000, establishing a framework for community action inthe field of water policy [Official Journal L 327, 22.12.2001].Environmental Protection Agency Act. 1994.Environment Agency, UK. 2002. River and Estuaries – a Decade of Improvements.
1 5 4 / C H A L L E N G E S T O L I F E A N D W E L L - B E I N GProtecting Ecosystems for People and Planet———. 2001. ‘Manual of Techniques for River Restoration – R and D Manual W5A-060/M’.In: A Compilation of Case Studies Undertaken Mainly in the Context of Flood RiskMitigation.Esty, D.-C. and Cornelius, P.-K. (eds.). 2002. Environmental Performance Measurement:Global Report 2001–2002. New York, Oxford University Press.Finlayson, C-M. and Davidson, N.-C.. (collators). 1999. ‘Global Review of Wetland Resourcesand Priorities for Wetland Inventory: Summary Report’. In: C.-M. Finlayson and A.-G.Spiers (eds.), Global Review of Wetland Resources and Priorities for WetlandInventory. CD-ROM, Canberra, Australia Supervising Scientist Report 144.Groombridge, B. and Jenkins, M.-D. 2002. World Atlas of Biodiversity: Earth’s LivingResources in the 21st Century. Prepared at the United Nations EnvironmentProgramme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre, University of California Press.Groombridge, B. and Jenkins, M. 1998. Freshwater Biodiversity: A Preliminary GlobalAssessment. Cambridge, United Nations Environment Programme-WorldConservation Monitoring Centre, World Conservation Press.Hilton-Taylor, C. (compiler). 2000. 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Glandand Cambridge, International Union for the Conservation of Nature and NaturalResources.Interagency Workgroup on Wetland Restoration. N.d. An Introduction and User’s Guideto Wetland Restoration, Creation, and Enhancement.IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources). 2000.Vision for Water and Nature. A World Strategy for Conservation and SustainableManagement of Water Resources in the 21st Century – Compilation of All ProjectDocuments. Cambridge.Lillie, R.-A.; Garrison, P.; Dodson, S.-I., Bautz, R.-A.; LaLiberte, G. 2002. Refinement andExpansion of Wetland Biological Indices for Wisconsin. Final Report to the UnitedNations Environment Protection Agency (US EPA) – Region 5. WisconsinDepartment of Natural Resources.Loh, J.; Randers J.; MacGillivray, A.; Kapos, V.; Jenkins, M.; Groombridge, B.; Cox, N.;Warren, B. (ed.). 2000. Living Planet Report 2000. Gland, Switzerland, World WideFund International.———. 1999. Living Planet Report 1999. Gland, World Wide Fund International.———. 1998. Living Planet Report 1998. Gland, Switzerland, World Wide FundInternational.Luther, H. and Rzóska, J. 1971. Project Aqua: A Source Book of Inland Waters Proposedfor Conservation. IBP Handbook No. 21. International Union for the Conservation ofNature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Occasional Paper No. 2. International BiologicalProgramme. Oxford and Edinburgh, Blackwell Scientific Publications.Master, L.-L.; Flack, S.-R. and Stein, B.-A. (eds.). 1998. Rivers of Life: CriticalWatersheds for Protecting Freshwater Biodiversity. Arlington, The NatureConservancy.McAllister, D.-E.; Hamilton, A.-L.; Harvey, B.-H. 1997. ‘Global Freshwater Biodiversity: Strivingfor the Integrity of Freshwater Ecosystems’. Sea Wind, Vol. 11, No. 3. Special issue(July–September 1997).Moyle, P.-B. and Leidy, R.-A. 1992. ‘Loss of Biodiversity in Aquatic Ecosystems: Evidencefrom Fish Faunas’. In: P.L. Fielder et al. (eds.), Conservation Biology: The Theoryand Practice of Nature Conservation Preservation and Management. New York andLondon, Chapman and Hall.New South Wales EPA (Environment Protection Agency). 2000. State of theEnvironment 2000. Sydney.Nijland, H.-J. and Cals, M.-J.-R. (eds.). 2001. River Restoration in Europe: PracticalApproaches. Proceedings from the Conference on River Restoration, Wageningen,The Netherlands, 2000. Report nr.2001.023. Lelystad, Institute for Inland WaterManagement and Waste Water Treatment.OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). 2001. EnvironmentalOutlook.Olson, D.-M. and Dinerstein, E. 1998. ‘The Global 200: A Representation Approach toConserving the Earth’s Distinctive Ecoregions’. Conservation Biology, Vol. 12, pp.502–15.ONRC (Oregon Natural Resources Council). N.d. Restoring the Lower Snake River:Saving Snake River Salmon and Saving Money. Portland, Oregon.Pirot, J-Y.; Meynell, P-J.; Elder, D. 2000. Ecosystem Management: Lessons from Around theWorld. A Guide for Development and Conservation Practitioners. Gland andCambridge, International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.Postel, S.-L.; Daily, G.-C.; Ehrlich, P.-R. 1996. ‘Human Appropriation of Renewable FreshWater’. Science, Vol. 271, pp. 785–8.Revenga, C.; Brunner, J.; Henninger N., Kassem K.; Payne, R. 2000. Pilot Analysis ofGlobal Ecosystems: Freshwater Systems. Washington DC, World Resources Institute.Revenga, C.; Murray, S.; Abramovitz, J.; Hammond, A. 1998. Watersheds of the World:Ecological Value and Vulnerability. Washington DC, World Resources Institute andWorldwatch Institute.Reynolds, C.-S. 1993. ‘The Ecosystems Approach to Water Management: The Main Featuresof the Ecosystem Concept’. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health, Vol. 2, pp. 3–8.Richter, B.-D. et al. 1997. ‘How Much Water Does a River Need?’.Freshwater Biology,Vol. 37, pp. 231–49.RIKZ/RIZA (National Institute for Coastal and Marine Management /Inland WaterManagement and Waste Water Treatment). 1996. ‘Future for Water’. In: Report onthe Dutch Aquatic Outlook. The Hague, Ministry of Transport and Public Works.Shiklomanov, I.-A. (ed.). 1997. Comprehensive Assessment of the Freshwater Resources ofthe World. Stockholm, Stockholm Environment Institute.Soussan, J. and Harrison, R. 2000. Commitments on Water Security in the 21st Century:An Analysis of Pledges and Statements at the Ministerial Conference and WorldWater Forum, The Hague, March 2000.Swanson, T.; Doble, C.; Olsen, N. 1999. Freshwater Ecosystem Management andEconomic Security. Framework paper for IUCN workshop at World Water Council,Bangkok.Tilman, D.; Fargione, J.; Wolff, B.; D’Antonio, C.; Dobson, A.; Howarth, R.; Schindler, D.;Schlesinger, W.-H.; Simberloff, D.; Swackhamer, D. 2001. ‘Forecasting AgriculturallyDriven Global Environmental Change’. Science, Vol. 292, pp. 281–4.TNC (The Nature Conservancy). 1999. Evaluating Ecological Integrity at FreshwaterSites. Freshwater Initiative Workshop Proceedings.UN (United Nations). 2000. United Nations Millennium Declaration. Resolution adoptedby the General Assembly. A/RES/55/2.UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2002. Global Environmental Outlook 3.London and Stirling, Earthscan Publications Ltd.UNEP/CBD (United Nations Environment Programme/Convention on Biological Diversity).2000. Progress Report on the Implementation of the Programmes of Work on theBiological Diversity of Inland Water Ecosystems, Marine and Coastal BiologicalDiversity, and Forest Biological Diversity (Implementation of Decisions iv/4, iv/5,iv/7). Note by the executive secretary. UNEP/CBD/COP/5/10.UNESCAP (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) andADB (Asian Development Bank). 2000. State of the Environment in Asia and thePacific 2000. New York, United Nations.US EPA (United States Environment Protection Agency). 1998. Water Quality Conditionsin the United States: A Profile from the 1998 National Water Quality InventoryReport to Congress. Washington DC.Water Resources Environment Technology Centre. 2001. Damu no Kankyo (DamEnvironment).Wright, J.-F.; Sutcliffe, D.-W.; Furse, M.-T. (eds.). 2000. Assessing the Biological Qualityof Freshwaters – RIVPACS and Other Techniques. Ambleside, Freshwater BiologicalAssociation.WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) European Freshwater Programme. 2001. Water andWetland Index: Assessment of 16 European Countries. Phase I Results.Copenhagen.
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A joint report by thetwenty three U
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F I G U R E S / V9.1: Competing wat
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iWater is an essential element of d
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4Table of contentsMeasuring Water R
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iiiIt is in the context of a global
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2 7 0 / M A N A G E M E N T C H A L
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G O V E R N I N G W A T E R W I S E
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14 HolisticTable of contentsThinkin
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E N S U R I N G T H E K N O W L E D
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16Table of contentsGeneral Context
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C H A O P H R A Y A R I V E R B A S
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L A K E P E I P S I / C H U D S K O
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18 GeneralRuhuna Basins,Sri LankaTa
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S E I N E - N O R M A N D Y B A S I
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21Lake Titicaca Basin,Bolivia and P
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L A K E T I T I C A C A B A S I N ,
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viNo intro text supplied for part V
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5 0 2 / F I T T I N G T H E P I E C
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The World’s Water Crisis: Fitting
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5 3 6 / A N N E X E SAnnexesAcronym
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538 / A N N E X E SAcronymsSAGEs:Lo
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5 4 0 / A N N E X E SSome Other Glo
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5 4 2 / A N N E X E SSome Other Glo
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544 / A N N E X E SIndexwater avail
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546 / A N N E X E SIndexagriculture
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548 / A N N E X E SIndexCongo, Repu
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550 / A N N E X E SIndexnational re
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552 / A N N E X E SIndexFisheries G
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554 / A N N E X E SIndexsustainabil
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556 / A N N E X E SIndexwater quali
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558 / A N N E X E SIndexJohannesbur
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560 / A N N E X E SIndexMMacao, eff
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562 / A N N E X E SIndexland area 7
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564 / A N N E X E SIndexwater avail
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566 / A N N E X E SIndexin rivers 8
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568 / A N N E X E SIndexsolid waste
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570 / A N N E X E SIndexconflicts a
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572 / A N N E X E SIndexprogress to
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574 / A N N E X E SIndexwetlandsCon
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5 7 6 / A N N E X E SCreditsPhotogr
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