Water for people.pdf - WHO Thailand Digital Repository

More documents

Recommendations

Info

3 4 2 / M A N A G E M E N T C H A L L E N G E S : S T E W A R D S H I P A N D G O V E R N A N C ERecognizing and Valuing the Many Faces of Wateravoided, replacement cost, substitute cost, contingent valuationand contingent choice in advancing the context of valuation.■ The development of valuation techniques has been greatlysupported by the development in computing capabilities (seechapter 14 on ensuring the knowledge base for details).■ The quality of and access to databases have greatly improved,thus enabling the undertaking of water valuation studies.ConclusionsThe formulation of national policies that include an economicapproach is the first step towards proper valuation of water. In thiscontext, due consideration needs to be given to the opportunitycosts of water as well as to environmental externalities to achievewater-related and internationally accepted goals, such as meetingbasic needs and food security. In combination or independently,valuing water will require policies that can help realize normativereforms and well-prepared introduction of participatory and marketbasedinstruments to meet the broad objective of sustainable waterresources management.The water sector interacts with almost all other sectors of theeconomy, and could potentially become a binding constraint oneconomic expansion and growth. This is especially true becausewhile the amount of renewable water resources is practically fixed,water demands will continue to grow in the years ahead due topopulation growth, increased food demand and expansion andmodernization of the industrial sector. Thus, the economic challengeis to maximize social and economic benefits from available waterresources while ensuring that basic human needs are met and theenvironment is protected. This means implementing IWRM principlesand mechanisms leading to the efficient allocation and use of waterresources, rehabilitating and improving the performance of existingwater supply systems and making future investments sustainable.Identifying and mobilizing additional resources remains animportant challenge. New exploitations of water resources –conventional or not – and minor adjustments in resource allocationpatterns can have a significant impact in terms of extending thecoverage. Establishment of an enabling environment that facilitatespublic-private partnerships could also contribute in meeting thesechallenges.Allocation mechanisms should balance competing demands bothwithin and between different water-using sectors as well asbetween countries and should incorporate the social, economic andenvironmental values of water. There is no magic formula becauseof the wide variability of country-specific conditions. Currently,water remains highly undervalued. The problem of crosssubsidizationacross sectors and different user groups makes it evenmore important to allocate water optimally, based on its value fordifferent uses.Progress since Rio at a glanceAgreed actionProgress since RioTo manage water in a way that reflects its economic, social, environmental and cultural values for all its usesMove towards pricing water services to reflect cost of their provisionTaking account of need for equity and the basic needs of the poor and vulnerableUnsatisfactory Moderate Satisfactory
R E C O G N I Z I N G A N D V A L U I N G T H E M A N Y F A C E S O F W A T E R / 3 4 3ReferencesThe Abuja Ministerial Declaration on Water – a Key to Sustainable Development inAfrica. 2002. African Ministerial Conference on Water (AMCOW), 29–30 April 2002,in Abuja.ADB (Asian Development Bank). 2001. Water for All: The Water Policy of the AsianDevelopment Bank. Manila.———. 1997. Second Water Utilities Data Book. Manila.AFDB (African Development Bank). 2000. Policy for Integrated Water ResourcesManagement. OCOD (Organization for Cooperation in Overseas Development).Albiac, J. 2002. ‘Water Demand Management versus Water Supply Policy: the Ebro RiverWater Transfer’. Paper presented at the Water Forum 2002, World Bank, 6–8 May2002, Washington.Barlow, M. 1999. Blue Gold: The Global Water Crisis and the Commodification of theWorld’s Water Supply. Council of Canadians, IFG Committee on the Globalization ofWater.———. 2000. ‘Water Is a Basic Human Right – or Is It?’. Toronto Globe and Mail, Toronto(also quoted in NEXUS New Times Magazine, August-September 2000, Vol. 7, No. 5).Boyle, K.-J. and Bergstrom, J.-C. 1994. A Framework for Measuring the EconomicBenefits of Ground Water. Department of Agricultural and Resource EconomicsStaff Paper. Orono, University of Maine.Briscoe, J. 1999. ‘The Financing of Hydropower, Irrigation and Water SupplyInfrastructure in Developing Countries’. International Journal of Water ResourcesDevelopment, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 459–91.———. 1998. ‘The Changing Face of Water Infrastructure Financing in DevelopingCountries’. International Journal of Water Resources Development, Vol. 15, No. 3,pp. 301-8.———. 1997. ‘Managing water as an economic good’. In: M. Kay; T. Franks; L. Smith(eds.), Water: Economics, Management and Demand. London, E and FN Spon.Bryce S. 2001. ‘Hydrodollars: Water Privatisation’. NEXUS New Times Magazine, Vol. 8,No. 3.Buckley, R. 1999. 1998 Annual Review of Development Effectiveness. Washington, DC,World Bank, Operations Evaluation Department.Burke, J. and Moench, M. 2000. Groundwater and Society: Resources, Tensions andOpportunities. New York, UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic andSocial Affairs), E.99.II.A.1.Burke, J.; Sauveplane, C.; Moench, M. 1999. Groundwater Management andSocioeconomic Responses. Natural Resources Forum, Vol. 23, pp. 303–13.Calder, I.-R. 1998. ‘Water use by forests, limits and controls’. Tree Physiology, Vol. 18,pp. 625–31.Cosgrove, W. and Rijsberman, F.-R. 2000. World Water Vision: Making Water Everybody’sBusiness. London, UK, World Water Council and Earthscan Publications Ltd.Costanza, R.; d’Arge, R.; de Groot, R.; Farber, S.; Grasso, M.; Hannon, B.; Limburg, K.;Naeem, S.; O’Neill, R.; Paruelo, J.; Raskin, R.; Sutton, P., van den Belt, M. 1997.‘The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital’. Nature, Vol. 387,pp. 253–60.Dinar, A. (ed.). 2000. The Political Economy of Water Pricing Reforms. New York, WorldBank and Oxford University Press.Dublin Statement. 1992. Official outcome of the International Conference on Water andthe Environment: Development Issues for the 21st century, 26–31 January 1992,Dublin. Geneva, World Meteorological Organization.EEC (European Economic Community). 2000. Framework Directive in the Field of WaterPolicy (Water Framework). Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and ofthe Council of 23 October 2000, establishing a framework for Community action inthe field of water policy [Official Journal L 327, 22.12.2001].Ehrlich, P.-R., Ehrlich A.-H., Daily, G. 1995. The Stork and the Plow: The Equity Answerto the Human Dilemma. New York, G.P. Putnam’s Sons.FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2001. The State of Food and Agriculture.Rome.———. 1999. Irrigation and Drainage Paper # 58. Rome.Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, andFederal Ministry for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2001. MinisterialDeclaration, Bonn Keys, and Bonn Recommendations for Action. InternationalFreshwater Conference, 3–7 December 2001, Bonn.Gibbons, D.-C. 1986. The Economic Value of Water. Washington DC, Resources for theFuture.Gleick, P.-H. 2001. ‘Making Every Drop Count’. Scientific American, February, pp. 28–33.———. 1998. The World’s Water 1998–1999: The Biennial Report on FreshwaterResources. Washington DC, Island Press.Goodland R. 1995. ‘Environmental Sustainability Needs Renewable Energy: The Extentto Which Big Hydro is Part of the Transition’. Paper presented to the InternationalCrane Foundation Workshop, 28 November – 2 December, 1995, Washington, DC.Gutierrez, E. 1999. ‘Boiling Point: Issues and Problems in Water Security and Sanitation’.A WaterAid Briefing Paper. London.GWP (Global Water Partnership). 2000. Toward Water Security: A Framework for Actionto Achieve the Vision for Water in the 21st Century. Stockholm.ICON/RWSSFDB (Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Fund Development Board). 2002.Detailed Demand Assessment Study. Nepal.Irrigation Newsletter. 2001. No. 54. ‘Kathmandu, Irrigation Development andManagement in Nepal’. Department of Irrigation, Irrigation Management Division.IUCN (The World Conservation Union). 2002. Johannesburg Programme of Action. Adocument prepared for the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD),28 August-4 September, Johannesburg.Ministerial Declaration of The Hague on Water Security in the 21st Century. 2000.Official outcome of the Second World Water Forum, 3–7 December 2001, TheHague.Narayan, R. 2002. ‘Sustainability: Water and the Choices We Face’. Earth Times, August.NRC (National Research Council). 1997. Valuing Ground Water: Economic Concepts andApproaches. Washington, Committee on Valuing Ground Water, WSTB (WaterScience and Technology Board), Commission on Geosciences, Environment, andResources (CGER), NRC (National Research Council). Washington DC, NationalAcademy Press.NEPAD (New Partnership for Africa’s Development). 2001. The New Partnership forAfrica’s Development.OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). 1999a. HouseholdWater Pricing in OECD Countries. ENV/EPOC/GEEI(98)12/FINAL. Paris, WorkingParty on Economic and Environmental Policy Integration, Environment Directorate,Environment Policy Committee.———. 1999b. Agricultural Water Pricing in OECD Countries.ENV/EPOC/GEEI(98)11/FNAL77608. Paris, Working Party on Economic andEnvironmental Policy Integration, Environment Directorate, Environment PolicyCommittee.———. 1992. The Polluter-Pays Principle, OECD Analyses and Recommendations.OECD/GD(92)8. Paris, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.Ostojic, Ž.; Lukšic, M. 2001. Water Pricing in Croatia, Current Policies and Trends.Zagreb, Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe.Pitman, G.-K. 2002. Bridging Troubled Waters: Assessing the Water Resources StrategySince 1993. Washington, Operation Evaluation Division, World Bank.
Page 2 and 3:
A joint report by thetwenty three U
Page 4 and 5:
Lists of Figures, Maps, Boxes & Tab
Page 6 and 7:
F I G U R E S / V9.1: Competing wat
Page 8 and 9:
B O X E S / VII19.1: Seine-Normandy
Page 10 and 11:
X/ P R E L I M I N A R YFigures, Ma
Page 12 and 13:
B O X E S B Y R E G I O N S / X IEu
Page 14 and 15:
T A B L E S / XIII5.3: Africa, Asia
Page 16 and 17:
A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S / X
Page 18:
A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S / X
Page 21:
X X/ P R E L I M I N A R YPrologueP
Page 24 and 25:
P R E F A C E / X X I I IWWAP consi
Page 26:
iWater is an essential element of d
Page 29 and 30:
4 / S E T T I N G T H E S C E N EWh
Page 31 and 32:
6 / S E T T I N G T H E S C E N ETh
Page 33 and 34:
8 / S E T T I N G T H E S C E N ETh
Page 35 and 36:
1 0 / S E T T I N G T H E S C E N E
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 88 and 89:
4Table of contentsMeasuring Water R
Page 90 and 91:
T H E N A T U R A L W A T E R C Y C
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Table 4.2: continued35 N C America
Page 98 and 99:
Table 4.2: continued111 Africa Nige
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122:
iiiIt is in the context of a global
Page 125 and 126:
1 0 0 / C H A L L E N G E S T O L I
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 152 and 153:
6Table of contentsSignificance of F
Page 154 and 155:
P R O T E C T I N G E C O S Y S T E
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
8 BoxTable of contents8.1: The righ
Page 214 and 215:
S E C U R I N G F O O D F O R A G R
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Table 8.1: National values of key i
Page 220 and 221:
Table 8.1: continuedGuadeloupe - -
Page 222 and 223:
Table 8.1: continuedSlovakia - 0.1
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
2 7 0 / M A N A G E M E N T C H A L
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
Page 304 and 305:
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
Page 312 and 313: 2 9 2 / M A N A G E M E N T C H A L
Page 367 and 368: G O V E R N I N G W A T E R W I S E
Page 383 and 384: 14 HolisticTable of contentsThinkin
Page 385 and 386: E N S U R I N G T H E K N O W L E D
Page 405 and 406: 16Table of contentsGeneral Context
Page 407 and 408: C H A O P H R A Y A R I V E R B A S
Page 413 and 414:
C H A O P H R A Y A R I V E R B A S
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
17Table of contentsGeneral Context
Page 421 and 422:
L A K E P E I P S I / C H U D S K O
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
Page 429 and 430:
Page 431 and 432:
Page 433 and 434:
18 GeneralRuhuna Basins,Sri LankaTa
Page 435 and 436:
R U H U N A B A S I N S , S R I L A
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Page 447 and 448:
Page 449 and 450:
S E I N E - N O R M A N D Y B A S I
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
Page 455 and 456:
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
Page 463 and 464:
Page 465 and 466:
Page 467 and 468:
S E N E G A L R I V E R B A S I N ,
Page 469 and 470:
Page 471 and 472:
Page 473 and 474:
Page 475 and 476:
Page 477 and 478:
Page 479 and 480:
Page 481 and 482:
21Lake Titicaca Basin,Bolivia and P
Page 483 and 484:
L A K E T I T I C A C A B A S I N ,
Page 485 and 486:
Page 487 and 488:
Page 489 and 490:
Page 491 and 492:
Page 493 and 494:
Page 495 and 496:
Page 497 and 498:
Page 499 and 500:
Page 501 and 502:
G R E A T E R T O KY O , J A P A N
Page 503 and 504:
Page 505 and 506:
Page 507 and 508:
Page 509 and 510:
Page 511 and 512:
Page 513 and 514:
Page 515 and 516:
Page 517:
viNo intro text supplied for part V
Page 520 and 521:
5 0 2 / F I T T I N G T H E P I E C
Page 522 and 523:
Page 524 and 525:
Page 526 and 527:
Page 528 and 529:
Page 530 and 531:
Page 532 and 533:
Page 534 and 535:
Page 536 and 537:
Page 538 and 539:
Page 540 and 541:
Page 542 and 543:
Page 544 and 545:
Page 546 and 547:
Page 548 and 549:
The World’s Water Crisis: Fitting
Page 550 and 551:
Page 552 and 553:
Page 554 and 555:
5 3 6 / A N N E X E SAnnexesAcronym
Page 556 and 557:
538 / A N N E X E SAcronymsSAGEs:Lo
Page 558 and 559:
5 4 0 / A N N E X E SSome Other Glo
Page 560 and 561:
5 4 2 / A N N E X E SSome Other Glo
Page 562 and 563:
544 / A N N E X E SIndexwater avail
Page 564 and 565:
546 / A N N E X E SIndexagriculture
Page 566 and 567:
548 / A N N E X E SIndexCongo, Repu
Page 568 and 569:
550 / A N N E X E SIndexnational re
Page 570 and 571:
552 / A N N E X E SIndexFisheries G
Page 572 and 573:
554 / A N N E X E SIndexsustainabil
Page 574 and 575:
556 / A N N E X E SIndexwater quali
Page 576 and 577:
558 / A N N E X E SIndexJohannesbur
Page 578 and 579:
560 / A N N E X E SIndexMMacao, eff
Page 580 and 581:
562 / A N N E X E SIndexland area 7
Page 582 and 583:
564 / A N N E X E SIndexwater avail
Page 584 and 585:
566 / A N N E X E SIndexin rivers 8
Page 586 and 587:
568 / A N N E X E SIndexsolid waste
Page 588 and 589:
570 / A N N E X E SIndexconflicts a
Page 590 and 591:
572 / A N N E X E SIndexprogress to
Page 592 and 593:
574 / A N N E X E SIndexwetlandsCon
Page 594:
5 7 6 / A N N E X E SCreditsPhotogr
show all

Water for people.pdf - WHO Thailand Digital Repository

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?