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4 2 6 / P I L O T C A S E S T U D I E S : A F O C U S O N R E A L - W O R L D E X A M P L E SRuhuna Basins, Sri LankaBox 18.1: Development of indicatorsIndicators are the cornerstones to effective management of water resources in the basins. A set of primary indicators has beenidentified as effective in describing the basins with only a few key numbers. The following indicators are the result of severalstakeholder meetings, discussions amongst experts and analysis of available data.Challenge areasSri Lanka indicatorsSURFACE WATER • Annual Water Resources (AWR)INDICATORS= 2,460 million m 3 ; annual rainfall= 9,010 million m 3• Precipitation: 1,524 mm (basinaverage); evapotranspiration: 1,700 mmWATER QUALITY • Water quality measured at specificlocations; measurements are not continuous• Poor quality experienced in estuariesand coastal lagoonsGROUNDWATER • A comprehensive groundwaterassessment is being carried out• Groundwater recharge = 7 to 10% inhard rock terrain• Groundwater reliance = annualgroundwater withdrawals/total annualwithdrawals = 3%PROMOTING HEALTH • Access to safe water = 60% (the availabledata do not indicate whether there issufficient water)• Access to adequate sanitation = 71%• Hours of water supply/day as an indicatorhas been suggested, but data are notavailable yetPROTECTING • Total protected land areaECOSYSTEMS= 1,200 km 2 = 21% of basins• Forest cover = 1,418 km 2 = 25%• 1 Ramsar siteWATER AND CITIES • No major cities at present; however,water for cities is a major issue for thefuture• With the planned industrial development,water needs for domestic and industryexpected to increase to 100–150 million m 3SECURING THE FOOD • Average paddy yields: major irrigationSUPPLY(> 80 ha) = 4.6 T/ha• Minor irrigation (< 80 ha) = 3.6 T/ha• Rainfed = 2.9 T/ha• Water productivity (selectedscheme) = 0.14 kg/m 3 (for paddy)WATER AND INDUSTRY • Annual water use (estimated)= 4 millionm 3 ; water reuse is not very common;effluent discharge to open drains observedChallenge areasSri Lanka indicatorsWATER AND ENERGY • Total installed capacity is about 126 MW• About 1.3 million m 3 is used forgenerating 1 GWh• Basin produces about 245 GWh annuallyMANAGING RISK • Dry season drought probability = 32%• Wet Season drought probability = 28.4%• Risk of malaria and other water-relateddiseases existSHARING WATER • Agriculture is the major user; estimateduse is about 95–97%• Industry use is about 1%.• Domestic water use is about 1–2%• In drought situations domestic water isthe priority• Formal policy is being preparedVALUING WATER • Economic, social environmental andcultural values are considered in planningwater resources• Pipe borne water supply is charged(more information is being collected)• Irrigation water is not directly charged,but part of the management cost isrecovered through participatorymanagementENSURING KNOWLEDGE • Hydrometric network consists of 19 rainfallstations, 25 agro-meteorological stationsand 6 water level stations• The existing coverage is consideredinadequate for comprehensive waterresources assessment• A considerable amount of data iscollected, but not readily accessibleGOVERNING WATER • Participatory management in irrigatedagriculture became national policy in 1988• A large number of agencies areinvolved in water management andrelated activities• Coordination effected at various levels• Participation by women consideredinadequate• Farmer Companies concept is beingpromoted
R U H U N A B A S I N S , S R I L A N K A / 4 2 7ReferencesAtapattu, N.-K. 2002. ‘Economic Valuing of Water.’ Proceedings of the workshop on theWWAP Sri Lanka Case Study, 7–8 April, 2002, Sri Lanka. Colombo, InternationalWater Management Institute.Atukorala, K. 2002. ‘Gender Gaps, Governance Gaps – a View of Sri Lankan WaterManagement.’ Proceedings of the workshop on the WWAP Sri Lanka Case Study, 7–8April, 2002, Sri Lanka. Colombo, International Water Management Institute.CEA (Central Environmental Authority of Sri Lanka)/Arcadis Euroconsult. 1999. WetlandAtlas of Sri Lanka. Colombo.Central Bank of Sri Lanka. 2001. Annual Report of the Monetary Board to the Hon.Minister of Finance for the Year 2000. Colombo, Central Bank of Sri Lanka.Department of Census and Statistics. 2000. Household Income and Expenditure Survey1995/96. Colombo.Handawela, J. 2002. ‘Use of Water for Protecting Ecosystems.’ Proceedings of theworkshop on the WWAP Sri Lanka Case Study, 7–8 April, 2002, Sri Lanka. Colombo,International Water Management Institute.Jayatillake, H.M. 2002a. ‘Managing Risks.’ Proceedings of the workshop on the WWAPSri Lanka Case Study, 7–8 April, 2002, Sri Lanka. Colombo, International WaterManagement Institute.———. 2002b. ‘Surface Water Resources of Ruhuna Basins’. Proceedings of the workshopon the WWAP Sri Lanka Case Study, 7–8 April, 2002, Sri Lanka. Colombo,International Water Management Institute.Jayawardane, D.-S. 2002. ‘Groundwater Indicators.’ Proceedings of the workshop on theWWAP Sri Lanka Case Study, 7–8 April, 2002, Sri Lanka. Colombo, InternationalWater Management Institute.Jinapala, K. and Somaratne, P.-G. 2002. ‘Relevance of Cultural Knowledge and Practicesfor Efficient Water Management in Today’s Context’. Proceedings of the workshopon the WWAP Sri Lanka Case Study, 7–8 April, 2002, Sri Lanka. Colombo,International Water Management Institute.Ministry of Plan Implementation. 2001. Annual Performance Report 1999 and 2000.Battaramulla, Ministry of Plan Implementation, Regional Development Division.Panabokke, C.-R.; Kodituwakku, K.-A.; Karunaratne, G.-R; Pathirana, S.-R. 2002.‘Groundwater Resources in Ruhunu River Basins of Sri Lanka’. An unpublishedreport prepared for the World Water Assessment Programme.Ratnayake, R. 2002. ‘Governing Water.’ Proceedings of the workshop on the WWAP SriLanka Case Study, 7–8 April, 2002, Sri Lanka. Colombo, International WaterManagement Institute.Renwick, M.E. 2001. Valuing Water in Irrigated Agriculture and Reservoir Fisheries: AMultiple Use Irrigation System in Sri Lanka. Research Report 51. Colombo,International Water Management Institute.Senaratne, S. 2002. ‘Water for Industry’. Proceedings of the workshop on the WWAP SriLanka Case Study, 7–8 April, 2002, Sri Lanka. Colombo, International WaterManagement Institute.Shanmugarajah, C.K. 2002. ‘Health Water and Sanitation’. Proceedings of the workshopon the WWAP Sri Lanka Case Study, 7–8 April, 2002, Sri Lanka. Colombo,International Water Management Institute.Somitilake, H.S. 2002. ‘Water for Energy’. Proceedings of the workshop on the WWAPSri Lanka Case Study, 7–8 April, 2002, Sri Lanka. Colombo, International WaterManagement Institute.Weerasinghe, K.D., Jayasinghe, A.; Abeysinghe, A.M. 2002. ‘Food Security of theRuhuna Basins’. Proceedings of the workshop on the WWAP Sri Lanka Case Study,7–8 April, 2002, Sri Lanka. Colombo, International Water Management Institute.Wickramage, M. 2002. ‘Meeting Basic Needs: Domestic Water Supply’. Proceedings ofthe workshop on the WWAP Sri Lanka Case Study, 7–8 April, 2002, Sri Lanka.Colombo, International Water Management Institute.
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14 HolisticTable of contentsThinkin
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22Table of contentsGeneral Context
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G R E A T E R T O KY O , J A P A N
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viNo intro text supplied for part V
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5 0 2 / F I T T I N G T H E P I E C
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The World’s Water Crisis: Fitting
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5 3 6 / A N N E X E SAnnexesAcronym
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538 / A N N E X E SAcronymsSAGEs:Lo
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5 4 0 / A N N E X E SSome Other Glo
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5 4 2 / A N N E X E SSome Other Glo
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544 / A N N E X E SIndexwater avail
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546 / A N N E X E SIndexagriculture
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5 7 6 / A N N E X E SCreditsPhotogr
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