Water for people.pdf - WHO Thailand Digital Repository

I N D E X / 573water poverty 504multiple burdens 504Water Poverty Index (WPI) 34, 52indicators 45key components of WPI 34purpose 34spatial scale of 52water pricesinformal vendors’ price comparedwith piped supply 177, 341in various countries 338, 339,341, 412, 440, 445, 474, 476,480water pricing 337–8in Croatia 337in France 439–40and poverty 8, 177, 341in Singapore 149in Thailand 400water provisioninadequate 6, 105–6Millennium Development Goal on9, 111in rural areas 111safe and sufficient 170–2in urban areas 111, 170–2regional analysis 170see also water supplywater provision standards 166–8water quality 85–7at global scale 10–12effect of agricultural use 218–19effect of industrial use 227and pollutants 106, 139water quality indicators 135, 234in Greater Tokyo river basins 43,486, 497in various countries 140, 426,444, 480, 497water quality monitoring stationsand data availability 57numbers 68water quality standards 148–9water quality targets 116water quantityat global scale 68effect on health 114effect of industrial use 227water-related disasters 12, 17, 272–8in Africa 12, 17, 85, 90, 272in Asia 12, 17, 85, 90, 272, 274causes 8, 17, 282and cities 176economic impacts 272, 275–7effects 275–8in Europe 85, 272indicators 47, 287listed 275–7in North and South America 17,91, 272, 274in Oceania 272types 272, 274–5web sites on 290see also droughts; floodswater-related risks, initiatives to copewith 280water-related vector-borne diseases106–7, 219in cities 170deaths due to 104water requirementsfor agriculture 193listed for various countries195–9daily need 10, 121, 123for industry 229, 509water resource indicators 40water resourcesin Africa 90in Asia 90as basic human need 120–1in Caribbean region 91in Central America 91competition for within countries228, 294–7desalinated water 89–90drainage-basin map 75effects of climate change 76in Europe 90–1and global hydrology 75–90human impacts on 87–9lack of data 67, 92measuring 67–75modelling of 69, 75monitoring effects of industrialdevelopment 233–4in North America 91in Oceania 92regional/continental view 90–2in South America 91variabilityspatial scales 92time scales 92in various countries 70–4Water Resources Abstracts 360Water Resources Institute (WRI),basin-scale indicators 40water rightsin Japan 332, 489–90trading of 336, 338, 381Water Safety Plans (WSPs) 116water/sanitation/hygiene provisioneffect on health 105–6, 112,168–70, 508‘improved’ vs ‘adequate’ provision166–74water scarcity/shortage 10indicators 35, 47water securityMinisterial Conference (The Hague,2000) 19, 27, 110, 301, 504see also Hague MinisterialDeclaration; Second World WaterForumwater source protection 149, 178water stress, around mega-cities 160Water Stress Index (WSI) 52, 319country scale 53grid scale 53regional scale 53spatial scale of 52–4, 52, 53watershed scale 53water stress indicators 42, 52, 53water supplyactual and target coverage 111in cities 110, 111, 161descriptive indicator map 35household survey data 113, 173impact of humans on 57improved compared with nonimproved113regional data 170Millennium Development Goal on110, 111, 294, 301financing of achievement334–5, 339national progress towards529–34regional progress towards526–7, 526monitoring of 112–15regional access data 109, 110in rural areas 110, 111sustainability 112technological options 340Water Supply and SanitationCollaborative Council (WSSCC)Vision 21 targets 7, 8on water resource assessment330Water Supply and Sanitation SectorAssessment reports 514generic content of country profiles514national reports, for variouscountries 515–18water tablesfactors affecting 81, 300see also aquiferswater use efficiencyagricultural use 206–7, 208, 209industrial use 235–7water user organizations, in Thailand397–8water valuation 327–41Agenda 21 measures 326conceptual premises 329discussion at Harare Expert GroupMeeting (1998) 328, 329indicators for 49methodological advances 341–2practice vs theory 333rolesin cost recovery 336–7, 339in financing 334–5in pricing 337–8in public–private partnerships335in regulating markets 338in resource management andallocation 333targeting 340–1water-washed diseases 104water withdrawals indicator 47WaterAid (NGO) 334, 352watercourse, meaning of term319n(8)waterlogging, in irrigation projects219watershedmeaning of term 319n(8)see also river basinWaterwatch (Australia) 297wave energy 262advantages and disadvantages264web siteson cities 187on droughts and floods 290on ecosystem protection 155on energy 266on food supply 223on health and basic needs 125on industry 246on natural water cycle 95–6on valuing water 344on water governance 384WEHAB initiative 505wells, monitoring of 68West Bankfood supply indicators 199land area 74population 74water availability per person 74West Nile virus infection 103Western Asiaenvironmental trends 510progress on Agenda 21 520, 525