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T H E W O R L D ’ S W A T E R C R I S I S / 2 1of sanitation has been specifically recognized as a focal point forinternational action. The WSSD Plan of Implementation alsoreaffirmed the links between water resources, poverty reduction,disaster management and other issues such as health and foodsecurity. As such, it reflected the emerging international consensusdemonstrated in the Hague and Bonn Declarations and elsewhere.Similar conclusions are being reached elsewhere. The World Bankhas drafted a new Water Resources Sector Strategy (World Bank,2002) that emphasizes the strong links between water developmentand poverty reduction, the need for both better managementdevelopment of water resources in most developing countries, andthe importance of the global community supporting these developingnations by sharing the risks of water investment, using bothinvestment and guarantee instruments. The Global EnvironmentFacility (GEF) summarized discussions at the Ministerial Roundtableon Financing Environment and Sustainable Development held inMonterrey and Bali at the preparatory conference for the WSSD (GEF,2002).The prominence of water issues at the Monterrey meetingreflects the increasing recognition of the importance of financinginvestments in water management. Many water investments, andespecially large-scale infrastructure, are expensive and risky, withuncertain rates of return and long pay-back periods. Some, such aslarge dams, are also very controversial and can have high associatedsocial and environmental costs. Others, including many water supplyschemes built by governments for low-income communities, areunlikely to ever recover their costs. But the need for suchinvestments is clear if many water-related problems are to beovercome. There are uncertainties over exactly how much money isneeded to provide all the world’s people with a minimum level ofwater security, but the costs undoubtedly run into many billions ayear. The issue of how to finance these investments is emerging asa major policy issue for the future.At the regional level, key statements have been made by groupsof ministers in both Asia and Africa. A joint statement by ministerialdelegations from ten Asian countries (Cambodia, Indonesia, LaoPDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand andViet Nam) in May 2002 agreed upon the vital importance ofsustainable water management for their countries. The statementrecognized water as a basic human need that should be given aspecial social valuation and called on governments to ensure that allpeople have affordable access to safe water for basic needs. Thestatement also recognized the importance of water for foodsecurity, the need for participation in water management and thelinks between good governance and good water management.The context for discussion of water issues in Africa has beenredefined by the development of the New Partnership for Africa’sDevelopment (NEPAD), the launching of the African MinisterialConference on Water and the formation of a consensus on waterthrough meetings of the majority of African countries in Accra andAbuja in April 2002. NEPAD is a vision for a new approach todevelopment in Africa based on partnership between Africa and therest of the world. It calls for a programme of action to buildintegrated development that balances social, economic and politicalissues. It is recognized that water will play a key role in manyaspects of this new development trajectory, a conclusion reflected inthe Accra Declaration on Water and Sustainable Development. Thiscalled for policies, strategies and real commitments toimplementation in six key areas, with all undertaken in a mannerdesigned to protect the environment:■ improved access to potable water services and sanitation;■ water use to address food security and income generation;■ IWRM in national and shared water basins;■ water-related disaster prevention, mitigation and management;■ empowerment and capacity-building focuses on improving equityand gender sensitivity; and■ pro-poor water governance and water policies.These key statements from ministers from Africa and Asia reflect theintegration of new approaches based on the social andenvironmental values of water into mainstream policy development.Links to poverty reduction are particularly notable in both, as arethe role that water management plays in disaster mitigation andenvironmental sustainability.It is consequently clear that there is a strong momentum in theinternational community to recognize the importance of watermanagement in the wider processes of poverty reduction andsustainable development. But to do so necessitates changes topolicies and laws as well as new management practices. Suchchanges are happening in many places, though this is a long-termprocess and conservative forces often resist them. Actions tosupport future reform through enhanced international cooperationin particular will be a key issue for future water management. Thereare a number of good examples of reform, some of which areconsidered later in this book. The future is likely to see acontinuation of the types of changes to policy approaches thathave emerged in the years since Rio, with in particular a consensuson the need for more integrated approaches, stronger partnershipsand a more effective focus on poverty reduction and sustainabledevelopment in water policy processes.
2 2 / S E T T I N G T H E S C E N EThe World’s Water CrisisReferencesAbramovitz, J. 2001. Unnatural Disasters. Washington DC, Worldwatch Paper 158,Worldwatch Institute.Abu-Zeid, M. and Abdel-Dayem, S. 1989. Egypt programmes and policy options forfacing the low Nile flows. Cairo. Proceedings of the International Seminar onClimatic Fluctuations and Water Management, 11 December.Carney, D., ed. 1998. Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: What Contribution Can We Make?London, Department for International Development.Clarke, R. 1993. Water: The International Crisis. London, Earthscan Publications.Cosgrove, B. and Rijsberman, F.-R. 2000. World Water Vision: Making WaterEverybody’s Business. London, World Water Council, Earthscan Publications Ltd.CSD (Commission on Sustainable Development) 2nd Session, 1994. p. 3.———. 6th Session, 1998. p. 5.———. 10th Session, 2002. p. 1.CSE (Centre for Science and the Environment). 1999. The Citizen’s Fifth Report p. 58.Delhi.Drakakis-Smith, D. 1997. 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Water for the twenty-first century: challenges and misconceptions.Working paper 111, Brighton, Institute of Development Studies.Ministerial Declaration of The Hague on Water Security in the 21st Century. 2000.Official outcome of the Second World Water Forum, 3–7 December 2001, TheHague.Molden, D. and Rijsberman, F. 2002. Assuring Water for Food and EnvironmentalSecurity. Colombo, International Water Management Institute.Ohlsson, L. 1996. Hydropolitics. London, Zed Books.Petrella, R. 2001. The Water Manifesto. London, Zed Books.Postel, S. 1993. ‘Water and Agriculture’. In: P.H. Gleick (ed.), Water in Crisis: A Guide tothe World’s Fresh Water Resources. New York, Oxford University Press.Rennie, J. and Singh, N. 1996. Participatory Research for Sustainable Livelihoods: AGuidebook for Field Projects. Manitoba, International Institute for SustainableDevelopment.Rogers, P. and Aitchinson, J. 1998. Towards Sustainable Tourism in the Everest Regionof Nepal. Kathmandu, The World Conservation Union.Seabright, P. 1997. Water: Commodity or Social Institution? Stockholm, StockholmEnvironment Institute.Shiklomanov, I.-A. (ed.) 1997. Comprehensive Assessment of the Freshwater Resourcesof the World. Stockholm, Stockholm Environment Institute.Soussan, J.-G. 2002. ‘Poverty and Water Security’. Concept paper prepared for theWater and Poverty Initiative, Asian Development Bank Manila.Stauffer, J. 1998. The Water Crisis: Constructing Solutions to Freshwater Pollution.London, Earthscan Publications.UN (United Nations). 2002. World Population Prospects: The 2000 Revision. New York,Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs.———. 2000. World Urbanization Prospects: The 1999 Revision. New York.———. 1992. Agenda 21. Programme of Action for Sustainable Development. Officialoutcome of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development(UNCED), 3–14 June 1992, Rio de Janeiro.UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 1999. Global Environmental Outlook2000. London, Earthscan Publications.UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund). 2002. The State of the World Population2001. New York.UN-Habitat. 2001. The State of the World’s Cities Report 2001. Nairobi.Vörösmarty, C.-J.; Green, P.; Salisbury, J.; Lammers, R.-B. 2000. ‘Global Water Resources:Vulnerability from Climate Change and Population Growth’. Science 289.Whittington, D. and Choe, K. 1992. Economic Benefits Available for the Provision ofImproved Potable Water Supplies. WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for All)Technical Report no. 77, Washington D.C, The United States Agency forInternational Development (USAID).WHO/UNICEF (World Health Organization/United Nations Children’s Fund). 2000. GlobalWater Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report. Geneva.WRI (World Resources Institute). 1986. Water Resources 1986. New York, Basic Books.WSSCC (Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council). 2000. 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16Table of contentsGeneral Context
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18 GeneralRuhuna Basins,Sri LankaTa
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