Water for people.pdf - WHO Thailand Digital Repository

S E I N E - N O R M A N D Y B A S I N , F R A N C E / 4 4 5Box 19.1: continuedChallenge areaSeine-Normandy basin indicatorWATER AND ENERGY • Annual use of water for cooling ofthermal power plants 831 Mm 3 /yearMANAGING RISKS • 2,239 communities are at risk to flooding;22% of them have a Risk Prevention Plan.Flooding map for the whole basinSHARING WATER • Welfare measures have been put intoplace to ensure that the poor have accessto water (cutting off the water supply isprohibited)• 49% of withdrawals are for domesticwater requirements, 27% for industry, 3%for farming, 23% for electricity and 5%for other uses (cleaning of roads, etc.)• If there is any conflict between sectors inthe use of the resource, domestic supplywater is treated as a priority• Water counters existVALUING WATER • Price of potable water is on average2.74¤/m 3 (US$2.80/ m 3 ), which is126¤/inhabitant/year(US$120/inhabitant/year)• Tariff varies from 0.15 to 5.35¤ (US$0.14to 5.11), depending on the size of thecommunity, the complexity of treatmentrequired, and the specific managementset-up• All consumers are billed for water andsanitation services• On average, households spend 1.03% oftheir income per year on water andsanitation• Pricing system is controlled by the state• On average, the fees represent 20% ofthe price of potable water• Annual water expenditure (potable waterand sanitation) is 0.5% per thousand GDPENSURING KNOWLEDGE • For surface water 150 parameters aremeasured 6 to 48 times per year, on 441observation points, relating to 15,000 kmof principal drains and 17 millioninhabitants• For groundwater: 402 boreholes,measured 12 to 48 times per year, on250 parameters; relating to 10 or so mainaquifers, a total surface area of 97,000km 2 and 17 million inhabitantsChallenge areaSeine-Normandy basin indicatorENSURING KNOWLEDGE • For quality of coastal waters: 130‘swimming’ sites (ten or so parameters),22 ‘shellfish’ sites (around 5 parameters),11 ‘sediment’ sites (at least radioactivity,heavy metals) relating to 600 km of coast• In quantitative terms there are: 174 raingauges, 214 piezometers and 418hydrometric stations• In total around 5 million sets of data peryear, a large proportion of which isavailable to the general public on theInternet• The quality data is analyzed using theSEQ (Quality Evaluation System), whichallows maps to be produced by type ofindicator (grouping together of similarparameters)GOVERNING WATER • Local authorities responsible for waterand sanitation; programming, coordinationon a catchment area level• Management interventions adapted to thescale of the problem (river contracts,management schemes on the smallcatchment area scale)• Effective delineation of roles and balancedpublic / private partnerships (delegationof water and sanitation services)• Insufficient participation by civilpartnerships and vagueness for theresponsibility for the upkeep of rivers• Transparency in the price of water andwater budget autonomy, fees monitoredand well discussed• Problems of imbalance in expertise andinsufficient evaluation of managementactions• Solidarity funds for rural zones topromote equity, basin solidarity betweenzones and end users• Delegating water and sanitation servicesto the private sector (46% of cases)• Close correlation between the public andwater policy in small communities,representatives of associations in theBasin Committee, but these openings arenot sufficient