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570 / A N N E X E SIndexconflicts about 312–16country dependence on inflowfrom neighbours 312events (hostile/cooperative)associated with 313global number 303, 319n(7)indicator(s) 47, 319listed 304–11number of treaties associated with313pollution by industry 230, 232status of cooperation 320Transboundary Freshwater DisputeDatabase, web site 322transboundary Ramsar site(s) 147transboundary water bodiesin Africa 82, 141, 243case studies 401–13, 463–80protection of 147, 410, 474transboundary water management300–3basin-level developments 303conventions and declarations on301, 302effective 318–19empirical methodology 319–21legal principles governing 303risk-based approaches 239, 274,287Transfer of Environmentally SoundTechnology (TEST) project 239trends, indicators showing 34, 36triazines, pollution by 434trichuriasis 103deaths due to 104trilateral agreements 146Trinidad and Tobagofood supply indicators 199land area 73national reports 518population 73progress on Agenda 21 524progress towards Goals 529water availability per person 73water quality indicator 140tropical freshwater ecosystems,biological/conservation assessmentinitiative 137tropical wetland system, cost–benefitanalysis 149Tumen River basin 307, 320Tunisiacities 163desalination scheme(s) 90food supply indicators 199industrial water efficiency 236land area 74national reports 518population 74, 236progress on Agenda 21 521progress towards Goals 531water availability per person 74water quality indicator 140Turkeycities 162, 163, 165earthquake 276food supply indicators 199hydropower/water storage project259industrial water efficiency 236land area 72national reports 518population 72, 236progress on Agenda 21 523progress towards Goals 531threatened freshwater fish species141water availability per person 72water quality indicator 140Turkmenistanfood supply indicators 199industrial water efficiency 236land area 72national reports 518population 72, 236progress on Agenda 21 522progress towards Goals 531shared water resources 287water availability per person 72turtle species, threatened species141, 142Tuvaluprogress on Agenda 21 522progress towards Goals 533typhoid fever 103, 169UUgandaaccess to electricity 253cities 164food supply indicators 199industrial water efficiency 236land area 73national reports 518population 73, 236progress on Agenda 21 521progress towards Goals 532water availability per person 73water quality indicator 140see also Lake VictoriaUkrainecities 163, 164, 165ecosystem restoration programmes151food supply indicators 199industrial water efficiency 236land area 73national reports 518participatory policies 339population 73, 236progress on Agenda 21 523progress towards Goals 530water availability per person 73water quality indicator 140UN-HabitatGlobal Urban Observatory (website) 187publications 541Vacutug technology 181see also United NationsConference on HumanSettlements (UNCHS)Unaccounted-for-Water 168reduction programme in Singapore168uncertaintyacknowledging 278indicators for 49meaning of term 279undernourished peoplein Africa 510in Asia 511data for various countries 195–9,212–13number 193, 210, 220undernourishmentcauses 210–11effects 211people most affected by 211United Arab Emiratesdesalination plants 89food supply indicators 199land area 74national reports 518population 74progress on Agenda 21 525progress towards Goals 529water availability per person 74United Kingdombiological water quality indicators136cities 162, 163, 164drought(s) 275flow maintenance programme146–7food supply indicators 199GDP per capita 359ICT expenditure 365industrial water efficiency 236land area 73national reports 518population 73, 236progress on Agenda 21 523scientists and engineers in R&D359water availability per person 73water prices 338water quality indicator 140water quality monitoring 149United Nations agenciesand indicators 40–1, 42, 46, 58monitoring roles 358United Nations Children’s Fund(UNICEF)health-related indicators 34, 36Joint Monitoring Programme (withWHO) 112Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys(MICS) 113Primary Health Care approach(with WHO) 138publications 541on water resource assessment(with WHO) 330web site(s) 125see also Joint MonitoringProgramme on Water Supply andSanitationUnited Nations Commission onSustainable Development seeCommission on SustainableDevelopment (CSD)United Nations Conference onEnvironment and Development (Riode Janeiro, 1992) 25, 130, 148Rio Declaration 5–6, 25, 294see also Agenda 21United Nations Conference on theHuman Environment (Stockholm,1972) 24United Nations Conference on HumanSettlements (UNCHS)First/Habitat I (Vancouver, 1976)166Global Urban Observatory (website) 187Second/Habitat II (Istanbul, 1996)26see also UN-HabitatUnited Nations Conference on Water(Mar del Plata, 1977) 24, 120,166, 349United Nations Convention onBiological Diversity (UNCBD) seeConvention on Biological Diversity(CBD)United Nations Convention on the Lawof the Non-Navigational Uses of
I N D E X / 571International Watercourses (1997)302, 303, 317, 509United Nations Convention to CombatDesertification (UNCCD), web site290United Nations Department ofEconomic and Social Affairs(UNDESA)country reports 332, 333survey of water-related databases358on water valuation 330United Nations Department ofHumanitarian Affairs (UNDHA),terminology on disasters 278United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP)on access to electricity 250disaster mitigation initiatives 280Human Development Index 40,42, 319Human Development Report 6,337, 526, 528, 540ICT programme 364Public–Private Partnerships for theUrban Environment (PPUE), website 187publications 540Sustainable Energy andEnvironment Division (SEED),web site 266water governance defined by 372web sites 187, 266, 384United Nations Economic Commissionfor Europe (UNECE)Convention on Protection and Useof Transboundary Watercoursesand International Lakes 146on monitoring of transboundaryrivers/aquifers 41, 42, 317United Nations Educational, Scientificand Cultural Organization (UNESCO)Flow Regimes from InternationalExperimental and Network Data(FRIEND) project 69, 88From Potential for Conflict toCooperation Potential (PCCP)programme 318Hydrology, Environment, Life andPolicy (HELP) Programme 88Hydrology and Water ResourcesProgramme 69International Hydrological Decade88International HydrologicalProgramme 69, 78, 88, 95International Initiative forCommunity Multimedia Centres(CMC) 364International Institute forInfrastructural, Hydraulic andEnvironmental Engineering (IHE)361, 361Latin American and CaribbeanHydrological Cycle and WaterResources Activities InformationSystem (LACHYCIS) 69Programme on Man and theBiosphere (MAB) 148publications 541Water Portal (web site) 96World Conference on HigherEducation (1998) 350World Science Report 360, 541see also World Water AssessmentProgrammeUnited Nations EnvironmentProgramme (UNEP)cause–effect framework used by40on cleaner production 246ecosystem/human healthpublication 137–8Freshwater Portal (web site) 95,155, 322Global Environmental MonitoringSystem 69, 95, 357Global International WatersAssessment (GIWA) initiative 40Global Resource InformationDatabase (GRID) 40web sites 95, 246, 290United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change (UNFCCC), website 290United Nations Geographic InformationWorking Group (UNGIWG) 358United Nations Industrial DevelopmentOrganization (UNIDO)on cleaner production 231, 242web site 246on coastal zone pollution 240Gulf of Guinea basin projects231, 240Industrial Development Abstracts(web site) 246industrial statistics, web site 246on mercury pollution from goldextraction 243pollution reduction measures 232,241, 242, 243Tisza River basin project 232on uses of water 331United Nations InternationalConference on Population andDevelopment (Cairo, 1994) 25United Nations International Strategyfor Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) seeInternational Strategy for DisasterReduction (ISDR)United Nations Millennium Declaration5, 19, 27, 110, 332–3, 505United Nations MillenniumDevelopment Goals see MillenniumDevelopment GoalsUnited Nations Special Initiative forAfrica 364United Nations Statistics Division 344,358United Nations World Conference onWomen, Fourth (Beijing, 1995) 26United Nations World Food Programmesee World Food Programme (WFP)United States of Americacities 162, 163, 164, 165Clean Water Action Plan 148–9conterminousland area 72population 72water availability per person72desalination plants 89, 90drought(s) 275ecosystem restoration programmes151floods 91, 274food supply indicators 199GDP per capita 359hydropower 256, 513ICT expenditure 365land area 71National Flood InsuranceProgramme (NFIP) 285national reports 518population 71progress on Agenda 21 523Ramsar site(s) 147rivers 85, 91scientists and engineers in R&D359threatened species 141, 142water availability per person 71water prices 338water quality indicator 140water source protection 149, 178United States Energy InformationAdministration, on electricityconsumption growth 250United States Environmental ProtectionAgency (USEPA), on river basincommunity groups 355Universal Declaration of Human Rights(1948) 193, 350uranium, health effects 106urban areasenergy needs 252governance in 177–80as life-threatening environments168sanitation coverage 109, 110,111, 170water supply coverage 109, 110,111, 170water valuation in 326urban development, and watermanagement 82, 174–81urban populationdistribution between more- andless-developed regions 161global total 14, 160, 170groundwater used by 78, 161growth in 14, 160, 161, 250regional data 14, 170surface water used by 161for various cities 162–5Urban Waste Water Directive 149urban water basins, case study481–98urban water systemsfactors affecting goodmanagement 166revenue collection for 161urbanization 160flood risk affected by 176, 274,282, 283, 484Uruguaycities 164food supply indicators 199industrial water efficiency 236land area 70national reports 518population 70, 236progress on Agenda 21 524progress towards Goals 529water availability per person 70water quality indicator 140user pays principlein France 339limitations 338Uzbekistanaccess to electricity 253cities 163food supply indicators 199industrial water efficiency 236land area 73national reports 518population 73, 236progress on Agenda 21 522
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A joint report by thetwenty three U
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F I G U R E S / V9.1: Competing wat
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B O X E S / VII19.1: Seine-Normandy
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iWater is an essential element of d
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14 HolisticTable of contentsThinkin
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16Table of contentsGeneral Context
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18 GeneralRuhuna Basins,Sri LankaTa
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21Lake Titicaca Basin,Bolivia and P
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viNo intro text supplied for part V
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Page 548 and 549: The World’s Water Crisis: Fitting
Page 554 and 555: 5 3 6 / A N N E X E SAnnexesAcronym
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Page 592 and 593: 574 / A N N E X E SIndexwetlandsCon
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