Water for people.pdf - WHO Thailand Digital Repository

7Table of contentsThe Challenge of Water and Cities 160Map 7.1: Water stress in regions around megacities 160Table 7.1: Urban population in more and less developed regionsin 1975, 2000 and 2015 161Table 7.2: The world’s largest cities in 2000 162Cities: Competing Needsin an Urban EnvironmentBy: UN-HabitatCollaborative agencies:WHO (World Health Organization)/UNDESA (United Nations Departmentof Economic and Social Affairs)Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Provision: ‘Improved’ vs.‘Adequate’ Provision 166Water and sanitation provision standards 166Box 7.1: Singapore Public Utilities Board: reducing Unaccounted-for-Water 168The health impacts of inadequate provision 168Urban areas – life-threatening environments 168Human contamination from faecal-oral pathogens 168Child mortality rates 169Diarrhoeal diseases 169Figure 7.1: Examples of causes for the prevalence of diarrhoealdiseases in a squatter settlement 169Other health problems 170Water provision 170Table 7.3: The proportion of urban populations with access to‘improved’ water supply and sanitation 170Safe and sufficient provision 170Box 7.2: Deficiencies in provision for water and sanitation in cities inBangladesh and Pakistan 171Box 7.3: Inadequacies in provision for water and sanitation in selectedcities in Kenya and the United Republic of Tanzania 170Sanitation provision 172Safe and convenient sanitation 172Figure 7.2: The proportion of households in major cities connectedto piped water and sewers 173Toilet use 172Public health issues 173Hygiene behaviour 174This chapter draws from a comprehensive review of provision for water and sanitation in cities byUN-Habitat published by Earthscan Publications, London, in March 2003. UN-Habitat is particularlygrateful to staff from WWDR, WHO and an external reviewer for their help in developing thischapter and in their comments and suggested additions to the first draft.