Water for people.pdf - WHO Thailand Digital Repository

More documents

Recommendations

Info

T H E W O R L D ’ S W A T E R C R I S I S / 1 1Map 1.1: Internal renewable water resources generated within a country on a per capita basis, circa 1995
1 2 / S E T T I N G T H E S C E N EThe World’s Water CrisisThe destruction of fish and their habitats through pollution canhave devastating impacts upon these poor communities.Water-related disastersBetween 1991 and 2000 over 665,000 people died in 2,557 naturaldisasters, of which 90 percent were water-related events. The vastmajority of victims (97 percent) were from developing countries (IFRC,2001). Growing concentrations of people and increased infrastructurein vulnerable areas such as coasts and floodplains and on marginallands mean that more people are at risk (Abramovitz, 2001). Whilepoor countries are more vulnerable, in every country it is the verypoor, the elderly, and women and children who are especially hard hitduring and after disasters. After such events national statistics ofinfrastructural damage and loss of life are available but rarely is itpossible to determine the effect on the livelihood systems of thepopulation. The ‘failure to focus on [the impact of] disasters onlivelihoods indicates and perpetuates misplaced aid priorities’ (IFRC,2001, p. 35). Asia has fared particularly badly, with roughly 40 percentof all disasters taking place on the continent. Each event frequentlyleaves thousands of communities more vulnerable to the next disaster,with both individual and state barely able to recover from one disasterbefore the next catastrophe strikes. Worldwide, floods were the mostreported disaster event; the year 2000 saw 153 flood events alone,some of the worst taking place in Mozambique and along the lengthof the Mekong River (South-East Asia), while in terms of loss of life,droughts claimed the greatest number of victims. Such events can andmust drive policy changes. For example, in Bangladesh, the 1988 floodand 1991 cyclone brought with them a determination from disasterrelatedinstitutions that they would not meet a similar threatunprepared again. As a result, Bangladesh initiated changes that,while painful to develop, have now provided it with robust cyclone andflood preparedness and management strategies, all of which havebeen severely tested since. Consequently, the significance of disastersas a driver of water resource management should not beunderestimated. What is important is thus not just the specific impactof disasters, but the way in which they interact with other aspects ofwater management, and the ways in which vulnerable people adjusttheir resource management to take account of the risks.Changes Affecting WaterIt is important to set the issues surrounding water in a globalcontext. The world is changing at an ever increasing rate. Many ofthese changes are having an impact on how we, as humans, utilizethe world’s water. This section recaps and describes a number ofthe changes that have taken and are taking place, and the effectthese are having on the water situation. Of course, none of theseissues are isolated and most are interdependent. Nevertheless,focusing on the reasons why the world is now facing a water crisisis helpful in understanding what factors will worsen the crisis, andwhere developments outside of the water sector can be brought tobear to improve the situation.Geopolitical changesThe last half-century has seen major changes in the political make-upof many countries. While this provides a backdrop for many of thefollowing issues, a number of specific issues do arise from thechanging political scene. Many countries that were once colonies havegained independence, and have assumed the ability for, andresponsibilities of, self-governance. The rise of communism after theSecond World War, and the Cold War that followed, impacted on howwater resources were managed. The command economies that focusedon agriculture resulted in the construction of many large irrigationschemes, some with severe environmental implications (e.g. the AralSea in central Asia, which has been desiccated due to intensification ofirrigation in the region). The fall of communism and the rise ofdemocracy across the world, both in previous communist states andmilitary dictatorships, has changed the way water resources aremanaged. This has allowed a greater public awareness of water issues,and enabled local groups to take care of their local water resources.However, many of these new democracies are having to deal withinherited, old ways of working and past environmental impacts. Thechanging economic structure in many countries has resulted in therebeing less money available for investment in water management.Population growthRapid growth of the world’s population has been one of the mostvisible and dramatic changes to the world over the last hundredyears. Population growth has huge implications for all aspects ofresource use, including water. Although water is a renewableresource, it is only renewable within limits; the extent to whichincreasing demands can be met is finite. As population increases,freshwater demand increases (see figure 1.1) and supplies perperson inevitably decline.Per capita water supplies decreased by a third between 1970and 1990 and there is little doubt that population growth has beenand will continue to be one of the main drivers of changes topatterns of water resource use. Future projections of worldwidepopulation growth have been revised downward in recent years,primarily as a result of significant declines in birth rates. Althoughthere are differences of opinion, most projections expect this slowdownof growth rates to continue and for the world’s population tostabilize at about 9.3 billion people (still over 50 percent higherthan the 2001 population of 6.1 billion) somewhere in the middleof the twenty-first century (UNFPA, 2002).
Page 2 and 3: A joint report by thetwenty three U
Page 4 and 5: Lists of Figures, Maps, Boxes & Tab
Page 6 and 7: F I G U R E S / V9.1: Competing wat
Page 8 and 9: B O X E S / VII19.1: Seine-Normandy
Page 10 and 11: X/ P R E L I M I N A R YFigures, Ma
Page 12 and 13: B O X E S B Y R E G I O N S / X IEu
Page 14 and 15: T A B L E S / XIII5.3: Africa, Asia
Page 16 and 17: A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S / X
Page 18: A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S / X
Page 21: X X/ P R E L I M I N A R YPrologueP
Page 24 and 25: P R E F A C E / X X I I IWWAP consi
Page 26: iWater is an essential element of d
Page 29 and 30: 4 / S E T T I N G T H E S C E N EWh
Page 31 and 32: 6 / S E T T I N G T H E S C E N ETh
Page 33 and 34: 8 / S E T T I N G T H E S C E N ETh
Page 35: 1 0 / S E T T I N G T H E S C E N E
Page 39 and 40: 1 4 / S E T T I N G T H E S C E N E
Page 88 and 89:
4Table of contentsMeasuring Water R
Page 90 and 91:
T H E N A T U R A L W A T E R C Y C
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Table 4.2: continued35 N C America
Page 98 and 99:
Table 4.2: continued111 Africa Nige
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122:
iiiIt is in the context of a global
Page 125 and 126:
1 0 0 / C H A L L E N G E S T O L I
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 152 and 153:
6Table of contentsSignificance of F
Page 154 and 155:
P R O T E C T I N G E C O S Y S T E
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
8 BoxTable of contents8.1: The righ
Page 214 and 215:
S E C U R I N G F O O D F O R A G R
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Table 8.1: National values of key i
Page 220 and 221:
Table 8.1: continuedGuadeloupe - -
Page 222 and 223:
Table 8.1: continuedSlovakia - 0.1
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
2 7 0 / M A N A G E M E N T C H A L
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
Page 304 and 305:
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
Page 312 and 313:
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
Page 354 and 355:
Page 356 and 357:
Page 358 and 359:
Page 360 and 361:
Page 362 and 363:
Page 364 and 365:
Page 367 and 368:
G O V E R N I N G W A T E R W I S E
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
14 HolisticTable of contentsThinkin
Page 385 and 386:
E N S U R I N G T H E K N O W L E D
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404:
Page 405 and 406:
16Table of contentsGeneral Context
Page 407 and 408:
C H A O P H R A Y A R I V E R B A S
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
L A K E P E I P S I / C H U D S K O
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
Page 429 and 430:
Page 431 and 432:
Page 433 and 434:
18 GeneralRuhuna Basins,Sri LankaTa
Page 435 and 436:
R U H U N A B A S I N S , S R I L A
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Page 447 and 448:
Page 449 and 450:
S E I N E - N O R M A N D Y B A S I
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
Page 455 and 456:
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
Page 463 and 464:
Page 465 and 466:
Page 467 and 468:
S E N E G A L R I V E R B A S I N ,
Page 469 and 470:
Page 471 and 472:
Page 473 and 474:
Page 475 and 476:
Page 477 and 478:
Page 479 and 480:
Page 481 and 482:
21Lake Titicaca Basin,Bolivia and P
Page 483 and 484:
L A K E T I T I C A C A B A S I N ,
Page 485 and 486:
Page 487 and 488:
Page 489 and 490:
Page 491 and 492:
Page 493 and 494:
Page 495 and 496:
Page 497 and 498:
Page 499 and 500:
Page 501 and 502:
G R E A T E R T O KY O , J A P A N
Page 503 and 504:
Page 505 and 506:
Page 507 and 508:
Page 509 and 510:
Page 511 and 512:
Page 513 and 514:
Page 515 and 516:
Page 517:
viNo intro text supplied for part V
Page 520 and 521:
5 0 2 / F I T T I N G T H E P I E C
Page 522 and 523:
Page 524 and 525:
Page 526 and 527:
Page 528 and 529:
Page 530 and 531:
Page 532 and 533:
Page 534 and 535:
Page 536 and 537:
Page 538 and 539:
Page 540 and 541:
Page 542 and 543:
Page 544 and 545:
Page 546 and 547:
Page 548 and 549:
The World’s Water Crisis: Fitting
Page 550 and 551:
Page 552 and 553:
Page 554 and 555:
5 3 6 / A N N E X E SAnnexesAcronym
Page 556 and 557:
538 / A N N E X E SAcronymsSAGEs:Lo
Page 558 and 559:
5 4 0 / A N N E X E SSome Other Glo
Page 560 and 561:
5 4 2 / A N N E X E SSome Other Glo
Page 562 and 563:
544 / A N N E X E SIndexwater avail
Page 564 and 565:
546 / A N N E X E SIndexagriculture
Page 566 and 567:
548 / A N N E X E SIndexCongo, Repu
Page 568 and 569:
550 / A N N E X E SIndexnational re
Page 570 and 571:
552 / A N N E X E SIndexFisheries G
Page 572 and 573:
554 / A N N E X E SIndexsustainabil
Page 574 and 575:
556 / A N N E X E SIndexwater quali
Page 576 and 577:
558 / A N N E X E SIndexJohannesbur
Page 578 and 579:
560 / A N N E X E SIndexMMacao, eff
Page 580 and 581:
562 / A N N E X E SIndexland area 7
Page 582 and 583:
564 / A N N E X E SIndexwater avail
Page 584 and 585:
566 / A N N E X E SIndexin rivers 8
Page 586 and 587:
568 / A N N E X E SIndexsolid waste
Page 588 and 589:
570 / A N N E X E SIndexconflicts a
Page 590 and 591:
572 / A N N E X E SIndexprogress to
Page 592 and 593:
574 / A N N E X E SIndexwetlandsCon
Page 594:
5 7 6 / A N N E X E SCreditsPhotogr
show all

Water for people.pdf - WHO Thailand Digital Repository

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?