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548 / A N N E X E SIndexCongo, Republic ofcities 164food supply indicators 196land area 70national reports 515population 70progress on Agenda 21 521progress towards Goals 532water availability per person 70Congo/Zaire River basin (centralAfrica) 84, 85, 90, 303, 304Conservation International, on tropicalfreshwater ecosystems 137contingency planning, in droughtmitigation 284Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD) 130, 148national reports submitted to 151on restoration projects 150review of progress 151web site 155Convention on the Elimination of AllForms of Discrimination AgainstWomen (CEDAW, 1979) 121Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of InternationalWatercourses (1997) 302, 303,317Convention on Long-RangeTransboundary Air Pollution 229Convention on Protection and Use ofTransboundary Watercourses andInternational Lakes 146Convention on the Rights of the Child(CRC, 1989) 121Convention on Wetlands ofInternational Importance (1971)87, 147, 148, 218see also Ramsar Conventioncooking, energy use in 254cooking stoves, air pollution from 251Copenhagen Declaration on SocialDevelopment (1995) 26corruption, effects 382cost–benefit analysisof ecosystem protection 149of health impacts of waterinterventions 119cost-effectiveness, of waterinterventions 118–20cost-effectiveness analysis 119cost recoveryin Europe 339, 513in irrigation schemes 336in Sri Lanka 425and water valuation 328, 336–7cost of supply 327Costa Ricafood supply indicators 196industrial water efficiency 235land area 71national reports 515population 71, 235progress on Agenda 21 524progress towards Goals 529water availability per person 71water quality indicator 140Côte d’Ivoireaccess to electricity 253cities 162food supply indicators 196industrial water efficiency 235land area 72national reports 515population 72, 235progress on Agenda 21 521progress towards Goals 533water availability per person 72Covenant on Economic, Social andCultural Rights (CESR), on right towater 121crayfish 141, 142Critically Endangered species 141,142Croatiacities 165Danube River ProtectionConvention ratified by 239food supply indicators 196industrial water efficiency 235land area 71national reports 515population 71, 235progress on Agenda 21 523progress towards Goals 529threatened freshwater fish species141water availability per person 71water pricing 337water quality indicator 140crop diversification, and irrigation217–18crops 200–1increase in production 201and vector-borne diseases 219Cubacities 163food supply indicators 196land area 72national reports 515population 72progress on Agenda 21 524progress towards Goals 530tourism 16water availability per person 72water quality indicator 140cultivated land areaglobal expansion of 201listed for various countries 195–9cyanobacteria 117, 118, 474cyanobacterial toxins 118cyclones, tropical 76floods caused by 12, 17, 85, 277severe disasters listed 276, 277Cyprusdesalination plants 90food supply indicators 196land area 74national reports 515population 74progress on Agenda 21 522progress towards Goals 529water availability per person 74Czech Republiccities 164Danube River ProtectionConvention ratified by 239food supply indicators 196industrial water efficiency 235land area 73national reports 515population 73, 235progress on Agenda 21 523progress towards Goals 529water availability per person 73water quality indicator 140Ddairy products 201damsin Algeria 176in Chao Phraya River basin 392–3construction design options forsafeguarding health 117–18design options 117irrigation schemes, design andmanagement options 118reservoir options 117–18definition of large dam 83diseases affected by 107, 117effects on water quality 86first constructed 83in Greater Tokyo region riverbasins 486, 490integrated management of 506,508lack of data 51in Lake Titicaca basin 478malaria transmission affected by107numbers 83removal of 150river integrity threatened by 138in Senegal River basin 214, 453see also hydropower; InternationalCommission on Large Dams;reservoirs; World Commission onDamsDaniel Johnson reservoir (Canada) 83Danube Regional Project 297Danube River (Europe) 91, 513pollution of 232Danube River basin (Europe) 297,303, 308floodplain/wetland restoration150protection of 239Danube River Protection Convention(DRPC) 239, 240Dar es Salaam (United Republic ofTanzania) 163, 172data availabilityassessing 46in case studies 395, 410, 420,434–5, 455, 472, 492–3decline in 50–1, 67, 356and development of indicators 46,57implications 57–8improving 356–7on industrial use of water 233–4on water and sanitation provision111, 167Data Synthesis System (DSS), forAfrica 55databasescoordination/harmonizationbetween 357, 358identification of 58Davao (Philippines) 163, 341Dead Sea (Middle East) 16deathsdisaster-caused 12, 271, 273,274, 275–7, 509, 511, 512disease-caused 5, 102, 104, 508drought-caused 275, 275famine/starvation-caused 121,274debt reduction programmes, effects371, 382decentralizationelectricity generation 259health services 122water management responsibilities339–40, 353–4, 378, 438–9defecation, in open, in cities 173,179
I N D E X / 549deforestation, effects 8, 274, 275,394Delhi (India) 162, 174, 341Delors Commission on Education forthe 21st Century 352demand-side water managementbenefits 181–2comparison of differentapproaches 183definition 181and health aspects 182and industrial uses 228measures 182and urban poor 181–3and valuing water 333, 334demographic changes 160, 250Demographic Health Surveys (DHS)113dengue fever 103, 108control measures 122deaths due to 104sources of infection 108, 170Denmarkcities 164environmental economics 149food supply indicators 196industrial water efficiency 235land area 73national reports 515population 73, 235progress on Agenda 21 523water availability per person 73water prices 338water quality indicator 140Department for InternationalDevelopment (DFID), poverty model7Desaguadero River (Bolivia) 466, 470,470water quality data 471see alsoTiticaca–Desaguadero–Poopó–Coipasa Salt Lake (TDPS) systemdesalinated water resources 89–90global market value 89global total 89as percentage of world resources89desalination plantscombined with power plants89–90in various countries 89, 298, 424desalination processes 89multi-effect distillation 89multi-stage flash distillation 89reverse osmosis 89descriptive indicators 34desertificationfactors affecting 275topics related to (web site) 290deserts 76, 77water resources in 77, 210developing countriesaccess to media 363food imports by 202, 511organic pollutants in 238, 244primary education enrolment ratios350small-scale hydropower plants259, 261water use efficiency 208devolution see decentralizationDhaka (Bangladesh) 160access to water and sanitation171population 162water prices 341Diama dam 214, 453, 456, 459diarrhoeal diseases 102–3causes 102, 105, 169, 459in cities 169control measures 105, 117, 122deaths due to 102, 104, 508effects on health 169in squatter settlements 169digital terrain modelling 69Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY)indicator 40–1, 103in cost–benefit analysis 119for deficient watersupply/sanitation/hygiene 508for diarrhoeal diseases 104, 105for malaria 104, 508disastersdeaths due to 12, 271, 273, 274,275–7, 509, 511, 512economic losses due to 509effects 275–8forecasting 117meaning of term 279responding to 278–84trends 273types 274–5see also water-related disastersdischarge-gauging stationsdeteriorating state of monitoringnetwork 50–1, 356numbers 68diseasesMillennium Development Goal on9water-associated 102–8, 423,459–60disinfection of drinking water 119Djibouti, Republic offood supply indicators 196land area 74national reports 515population 74progress on Agenda 21 521progress towards Goals 532water availability per person 74domestic use of water, in competitionwith other uses 228domestic water, meaning of term 114domestic water storage containers,health risks 108, 170Dominica, Commonwealth offood supply indicators 196progress on Agenda 21 524progress towards Goals 530Dominican Republicaccess to electricity 253cities 163food supply indicators 196industrial water efficiency 235land area 73national reports 515population 73, 235progress on Agenda 21 524progress towards Goals 531water availability per person 73water quality indicator 140Doñana National Park (Spain) 147dracunculiasis 103, 114see also Guinea worm diseasedrainage basin(s)mapsindustrial water use 238sector causing water stress295sediment loading 88water resources 75see also river basin(s)drinking waterbasic daily need 121chlorine treatment of 119, 120cyanobacterial toxins in 118disinfection at point of use 119global health gain due to 120Millennium Development Goal on110–12, 508quality management 115–16WHO Guidelines 87, 106, 122drip irrigation 16, 217driving force indicators 44example of use 45driving force–pressure–state–exposure–effects–action (DPSEEA) approachto indicator development 40driving force–pressure–state–impact–response (DPSIR) approach toindicator development 40, 42, 44example of use 45see also driving force indicators;impact indicators; pressureindicators; response indicators;state indicatorsdriving force–state–response (DSR)approach to indicator development40drought conciliation councils, in Japan298, 491drought mitigation strategies 283–4,423, 442drought stress threshold indicator,Nile Basin 56droughts 12, 275effects of global warming 76incidents listed for variouscountries 275managing 283–4in Sri Lanka 423web sites on 290drowning 103deaths due to 104Dublin Statement on Water andSustainable Development (1992)17–18, 25, 130, 326, 352EEarth Day Network, ecologicalfootprint indicator 42Earth Summit see United NationsConference on Environment andDevelopment (Rio de Janeiro, 1992)earth systems modelling datagrowth in observations 57incorporation into water resourceassessment 57earthquakessevere disasters listed 276trends 273EarthTrends (WRI web site/portal) 155Earthwatch system 358East Asiafood consumption 200irrigated area 206number of undernourished people210progress on MillenniumDevelopment Goals 526, 527,528urban population 14East Europe, progress on MillenniumDevelopment Goals 526, 527, 528East Timorfood supply indicators 196
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A joint report by thetwenty three U
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16Table of contentsGeneral Context
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Page 548 and 549: The World’s Water Crisis: Fitting
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