Water for people.pdf - WHO Thailand Digital Repository

4 2 6 / P I L O T C A S E S T U D I E S : A F O C U S O N R E A L - W O R L D E X A M P L E SRuhuna Basins, Sri LankaBox 18.1: Development of indicatorsIndicators are the cornerstones to effective management of water resources in the basins. A set of primary indicators has beenidentified as effective in describing the basins with only a few key numbers. The following indicators are the result of severalstakeholder meetings, discussions amongst experts and analysis of available data.Challenge areasSri Lanka indicatorsSURFACE WATER • Annual Water Resources (AWR)INDICATORS= 2,460 million m 3 ; annual rainfall= 9,010 million m 3• Precipitation: 1,524 mm (basinaverage); evapotranspiration: 1,700 mmWATER QUALITY • Water quality measured at specificlocations; measurements are not continuous• Poor quality experienced in estuariesand coastal lagoonsGROUNDWATER • A comprehensive groundwaterassessment is being carried out• Groundwater recharge = 7 to 10% inhard rock terrain• Groundwater reliance = annualgroundwater withdrawals/total annualwithdrawals = 3%PROMOTING HEALTH • Access to safe water = 60% (the availabledata do not indicate whether there issufficient water)• Access to adequate sanitation = 71%• Hours of water supply/day as an indicatorhas been suggested, but data are notavailable yetPROTECTING • Total protected land areaECOSYSTEMS= 1,200 km 2 = 21% of basins• Forest cover = 1,418 km 2 = 25%• 1 Ramsar siteWATER AND CITIES • No major cities at present; however,water for cities is a major issue for thefuture• With the planned industrial development,water needs for domestic and industryexpected to increase to 100–150 million m 3SECURING THE FOOD • Average paddy yields: major irrigationSUPPLY(> 80 ha) = 4.6 T/ha• Minor irrigation (< 80 ha) = 3.6 T/ha• Rainfed = 2.9 T/ha• Water productivity (selectedscheme) = 0.14 kg/m 3 (for paddy)WATER AND INDUSTRY • Annual water use (estimated)= 4 millionm 3 ; water reuse is not very common;effluent discharge to open drains observedChallenge areasSri Lanka indicatorsWATER AND ENERGY • Total installed capacity is about 126 MW• About 1.3 million m 3 is used forgenerating 1 GWh• Basin produces about 245 GWh annuallyMANAGING RISK • Dry season drought probability = 32%• Wet Season drought probability = 28.4%• Risk of malaria and other water-relateddiseases existSHARING WATER • Agriculture is the major user; estimateduse is about 95–97%• Industry use is about 1%.• Domestic water use is about 1–2%• In drought situations domestic water isthe priority• Formal policy is being preparedVALUING WATER • Economic, social environmental andcultural values are considered in planningwater resources• Pipe borne water supply is charged(more information is being collected)• Irrigation water is not directly charged,but part of the management cost isrecovered through participatorymanagementENSURING KNOWLEDGE • Hydrometric network consists of 19 rainfallstations, 25 agro-meteorological stationsand 6 water level stations• The existing coverage is consideredinadequate for comprehensive waterresources assessment• A considerable amount of data iscollected, but not readily accessibleGOVERNING WATER • Participatory management in irrigatedagriculture became national policy in 1988• A large number of agencies areinvolved in water management andrelated activities• Coordination effected at various levels• Participation by women consideredinadequate• Farmer Companies concept is beingpromoted