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1 8 4 / C H A L L E N G E S T O L I F E A N D W E L L - B E I N GCities: Competing Needs in an Urban Environmentthe diseases associated with inadequate water and sanitation, andamong the urban population of low-income countries, one child insix dies before the age of five.The numbers alone are striking, but when added to currentprojections of a world urban population set to reach 80 percent by2030, they become thoroughly frightening. Efforts are being madeto provide better water and sanitation services to the world’s cities,but much remains to be done. There is a clear need to broaden anddeepen the coverage of global assessments of the quality ofprovision for water, sanitation and hygiene in urban areas so theyshow the proportion of people with ‘safe’, ‘sufficient’ and‘convenient’ as well as ‘improved’ provision. If the ultimate goalremains to improve such provision, what is needed are not onlysurveys based on representative samples of rural and urbanProgress since Rio at a glanceAgreed actionEstablish concrete targets on water supply and sanitationpopulations, but also site-specific information, which documents thedeficiencies and can be used by water and sanitation providers toplan improvements or by local residents to articulate their demands.There is an equally urgent need to limit the extent to whichuncontrolled urban development impacts on the surrounding areas,and to implement more effective infrastructure and watergovernance systems. A shift from supply-side only to a mix ofsupply- and demand-side initiatives could provide a more costeffectivesolution in many settlements.The situation is becoming increasingly serious, as urbanpopulations continue to grow throughout the world: action must betaken now in order to provide the world’s urban populations,especially the poor, with the safe, clean, accessible water andsanitation that is their right.Progress since RioEstablish targets for water-related services such as connection to sewerage, wastewater treatment, stormwater drainageAccord special attention to the growing effects of urbanization on water demands and usageRecognize the critical role played by local and municipal authorities in managing the supplyBy 2000, ensure access for all urban residents to at least 40 litres of safe water per day, 75% with onsiteor community sanitationUnsatisfactory Moderate Satisfactory
C I T I E S : C O M P E T I N G N E E D S I N A N U R B A N E N V I R O N M E N T / 1 8 5ReferencesAcho-Chi. 1998. ‘Human Interference and Environmental Instability: Addressing theEnvironmental Consequences of Rapid Urban Growth’. In: Environment andUrbanization, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 161–74.Alcamo, J.; Döll, P.; Henrichs, T.; Lehner, B.; Kaspar, F.; Rösch, T.; Siebert, T. Forthcoming.WaterGAP: Development and Application of a Global Model for Water Withdrawalsand Availability’. Hydrological Sciences Journal.Alder, G. 1995. ‘Tackling Poverty in Nairobi’s Informal Settlements: Developing anInstitutional Strategy’. Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 85–107.Alimuddin, S.; Hasan, A.; Sadiq, A. 2000. The Work of the Anjuman Samaji Behboodand the Larger Faisalabad Context. Working Paper. London, International Institutefor Environment and Development.Anand, P.-B. 1999. ‘Waste Management in Madras Revisited’. 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The Age of Cities and Organizations of theUrban Poor: The Work of the South African Homeless People’s Federation and thePeople’s Dialogue on Land and Shelter. IIED Working Paper 2 on PovertyReduction in Urban Areas. London, International Institute of Environment andDevelopment.Benneh, G.; Songsore, J.; Nabila, J.-S.; Amuzu, A.-T.; Tutu, K.-A.; Yangyuoro, Y.;McGranahan, G. 1993. Environmental Problems and the Urban Household in theGreater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA) Ghana. Stockholm, Stockholm EnvironmentInstitute.Bradley, D.; Stephens, C.; Cairncross, S.; Harpham, T. 1991. A Review of EnvironmentalHealth Impacts in Developing-Country Cities. Urban Management ProgramDiscussion Paper No. 6. Washington DC, The World Bank, United NationsDevelopment Programme and UN-Habitat.Burra, S. and Patel, S. 2002. ‘Community Toilets in Pune and Other Indian Cities’. In:PLA Notes. Special Issue on Participatory Governance. London, InternationalInstitute of Environment and Development.Cairncross, S. and Ouano, E.-A.-R. 1990. Surface Water Drainage in Low-IncomeCommunities. Geneva, World Health Organization.Cairncross, S. and Feachem, R.-G. 1993. Environmental Health Engineering in theTropics: An Introductory Text. Second edition. Chichester, John Wiley and Sons.CSE (Centre for Science and Environment). 1999. State of India’s Environment: TheCitizens’ Fifth Report. New Delhi.The City of New York Independent Budget Office. 2002. Letter to Cathleen Breen,Watershed Protection Coordinator, New York Public Interest Research Group, 18March.Committee to Review the New York City Watershed Management Strategy, WaterScience and Technology Board, Commission on Geosciences, Environment andResources, National Research Council. 1999. ‘Watershed Management for PotableWater Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy’. Washington DC, NationalAcademy Press.Cosgrove, B. and Rijsberman, F.-R. 2000. World Water Vision: Making WaterEverybody’s Business. London, World Water Council, Earthscan Publications Ltd.DEP (Department of Environmental Protection). 2001. ‘New York City’s 2001 WatershedProtection Program Summary, Assessment and Long-Term Plan’. New York.Döll, P.; Kaspar, F.; Lehner, B. Forthcoming. ‘A Global Hydrological Model for DerivingWater Availability Indicators: Model Tuning and Validation’. Journal of Hydrology.Döll, P. and Siebert, S. 2002. Global Modelling of Irrigation Water Requirements’. WaterResources Research, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 8.1–8.10. DOI 10.1029/2001WR000355.———. 1986. ‘Urban Geomorphology’. In: P.-G. Fookes and P.-R. Vaughan (eds.), AHandbook of Engineering Geomorphology. Glasgow, Surrey University Press(Blackie and Son).———. 1983. The Urban Environment. London, Edward Arnold.Ellis, J.-B. 1999. ‘Preface’. In: J.-B. Ellis (ed.), Impacts of Urban Growth on SurfaceWater: Groundwater Quality, International Association of Hydrological SciencesPublication No. 259.Etemadi, F.-U. 2000. ‘Civil Society Participation in City Governance in Cebu City’.Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 57–72.Fiori, J.; Riley, L.; Ramirez, R. 2000. Urban Poverty Alleviation through EnvironmentalUpgrading in Rio de Janeiro: Favela Bairro. London, Development Planning Unit,University College London.Ghosh, A.; Ahmad, S.-S.; Maitra, S. 1994. Basic Services for Urban Poor: A Study ofBaroda, Bhilwara, Sambalpur and Siliguri. Urban Studies Series No. 3. New Delhi,Institute of Social Sciences and Concept Publishing Company.Guerrant, D.-I.; Moore, S.-R., Lima, A.-A.-M.; Patrick, P.; Schorling, J.-B.; Guerrant, R.-L.1999. ‘Association of Early Childhood Diarrhoea and Cryptosporidiosis withImpaired Physical Fitness and Cognitive Function 4 to 7 Years Later in a Poor UrbanCommunity in Northeast Brazil’. American Journal of Tropical Medicine andHygiene, Vol. 61, No. 5, pp. 707–13.Hardoy, J.-E.; Mitlin, D.; Satterthwaite, D. 2001. Environmental Problems in anUrbanizing World: Finding Solutions for Cities in Africa, Asia and Latin America.London, Earthscan Publications Ltd.Hasan, A. 2001. Working with Communities. Karachi, City Press.———. 1999. Understanding Karachi: Planning and Reform for the Future. Karachi, CityPress.Hewett, P.-C. and Montgomery, M. 2001. ‘Poverty and Public Services in Developing-Country Cities’. Policy Research Division Working Paper No. 154. New York,Population Council.Islam, N.; Huda, N.; Narayan F.-B.; Rana, P.-B. (eds.). 1997. Addressing the Urban PovertyAgenda in Bangladesh, Critical Issues and the 1995 Survey Findings. Dhaka, TheUniversity Press Limited.Kalbermatten, J.-M.; Julius, D.-S.; Gunnerson, C.-G. 1980. Appropriate Technology forWater Supply and Sanitation: A Review of the Technical and Economic Options.Washington DC, The World Bank.Kaneez Hasna, M. 1995. ‘Street Hydrant Project in Chittagong Low-Income Settlement’.Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 207–18.Kelly, P.F. 1998. ‘The Politics of Urban-Rural Relationships: Land Conversion in thePhilippines’. Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 35–54.Korboe, D.; Diaw, K.; Devas, N. 2000. ‘Urban Governance, Partnership and Poverty:Kumasi’. In: Urban Governance, Partnership and Poverty Working Paper 10.Birmingham, International Development Department, University of Birmingham.Landwehr, D.; Keita, S.-M.; Ponnighaus, J.-M.; Tounkara, C. 1998. ‘Epidemiological Aspects of
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A joint report by thetwenty three U
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F I G U R E S / V9.1: Competing wat
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X X/ P R E L I M I N A R YPrologueP
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iWater is an essential element of d
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4Table of contentsMeasuring Water R
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iiiIt is in the context of a global
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6Table of contentsSignificance of F
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2 7 0 / M A N A G E M E N T C H A L
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14 HolisticTable of contentsThinkin
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E N S U R I N G T H E K N O W L E D
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16Table of contentsGeneral Context
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C H A O P H R A Y A R I V E R B A S
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L A K E P E I P S I / C H U D S K O
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18 GeneralRuhuna Basins,Sri LankaTa
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S E I N E - N O R M A N D Y B A S I
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21Lake Titicaca Basin,Bolivia and P
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viNo intro text supplied for part V
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The World’s Water Crisis: Fitting
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5 3 6 / A N N E X E SAnnexesAcronym
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538 / A N N E X E SAcronymsSAGEs:Lo
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5 4 0 / A N N E X E SSome Other Glo
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5 4 2 / A N N E X E SSome Other Glo
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544 / A N N E X E SIndexwater avail
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546 / A N N E X E SIndexagriculture
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548 / A N N E X E SIndexCongo, Repu
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552 / A N N E X E SIndexFisheries G
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554 / A N N E X E SIndexsustainabil
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556 / A N N E X E SIndexwater quali
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558 / A N N E X E SIndexJohannesbur
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560 / A N N E X E SIndexMMacao, eff
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562 / A N N E X E SIndexland area 7
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568 / A N N E X E SIndexsolid waste
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5 7 6 / A N N E X E SCreditsPhotogr
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